| Solar panel | Photovoltaic module are devices that transform sunlight into using PV cells. They are an green and alternative energy source, minimizing reliance on non-renewable energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar heat collector is a system that captures sunlight to produce heat, usually used for hot water production or room heating applications. It efficiently converts solar energy into thermal energy, reducing reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Sun-powered thermal energy harnesses solar radiation to generate heat, which can be used for water heating, space heating, or power generation. It is a green and renewable technology that reduces fossil fuel consumption and lowers GHG emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in the county of West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a charming blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic nation in the UK known for its abundant cultural legacy, famous sights, and vibrant cities like the capital. It boasts a diverse terrain of gentle slopes, ancient castles, and bustling urban centers that combine history with contemporary advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Daylight is the natural radiance emitted by the star, vital for life on Earth as it supplies energy for photosynthesis and shapes climate and weather patterns. It also plays a role to our well-being by regulating our circadian rhythms and enhancing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electricity is a kind of power due to the motion of ions, primarily electrons. It powers countless systems and networks, supporting contemporary living and technological progress. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts solar radiation directly into power using photovoltaic panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a renewable power source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are fundamental particles with a negative electric charge that surround the nucleus of an atom, important for in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions influence the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the single-direction stream of electric charge, usually produced by battteries, power sources, and solar cells. It provides a consistent voltage or current, causing it crucial for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A battery is a instrument that accumulates chemical energy and converts it into electrical energy to run various electronic devices. It comprises several galvanic units, each containing positive and negative electrodes divided by an electrolyte. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An solar power system converts solar radiation immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of solar cells. It is an green power solution that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and promotes renewable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar inverter is a instrument that transforms direct current (DC) produced by solar panels into alternating current (AC) fit for home use and utility connection. It is vital for maximizing energy efficiency and providing safe, reliable energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that changes polarity cyclically, generally used in home and business power supplies. It enables efficient transmission of electricity over extended spans and is defined by its voltage and current waveforms, typically sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge regulator is a device that manages the voltage level and electric current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from excess charging and harm. It guarantees optimal energy flow and prolongs the lifespan of the battery bank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A survey tool is a device used to ascertain the extent, amount, or intensity of something accurately. It includes gadgets like meters, thermometers, and barometers that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a system that instantaneously the orientation of solar panels to follow the sun's movement during the day, increasing energy absorption. This system boosts the efficiency of solar power systems by keeping best sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Photovoltaic installations are huge plants that utilize sunlight to generate electricity using many solar panels. They supply a green and renewable energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Roof-mounted solar energy involves installing photovoltaic panels on building roofs to create electricity from sunlight. This green energy source helps minimize reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-connected solar energy setup changes sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a eco-friendly energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and cuts down reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to benefit from potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like burning fossil fuels and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A space-based solar power system is an spacecraft equipped with solar panels that collect sunlight and convert it into electricity. This electricity is then sent wirelessly to our planet for application as an eco-friendly power supply. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Residential energy storage solutions save excess power generated from renewable energy or the grid for later use, boosting energy self-sufficiency and efficiency. These systems generally use batteries to deliver backup power, lower energy costs, and aid grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The chronology of solar panels documents the advancement and advancements in solar power tech from the initial finding of the photovoltaic effect to contemporary advanced solar panels. It showcases key innovations, including the invention of the first silicon solar cell in 1954 and persistent developments that have significantly improved power transformation and economic viability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a French physicist famous for his pioneering work in the study of the photovoltaic effect and luminescent phenomena. His tests laid the groundwork for understanding how illumination interacts with particular substances to generate electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a UK electrician and researcher known for finding out the photoconductivity of selenium in 1873. His work laid the foundation for the development of the photoconductive cell and progress in initial photography and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an open-source platform used for automating web browsers, allowing testers to mimic user interactions and test web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and browsers, making it a versatile tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of luminescence reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was an US creator who invented the initial working selenium solar cell in 1883. His innovative work laid the basis for the contemporary photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-fired power plant generates electricity by burning coal to produce steam that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and enhancing the understanding of semiconductor. His work laid the foundation for modern photovoltaic technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a famous innovative organization long-standing associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in communications, computer science, and materials research. It has been the source of many groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a element with the symbol Si and number 14, famous for its crucial role in the manufacturing of electronic components and solar cells. It is a solid, breakable solid solid with a steel-gray metallic luster, primarily used as a semiconductor in the electronic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A micro-inverter is a compact unit installed on each solar module to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) on-site. This method increases system performance, facilitates improved performance monitoring, and increases power output in solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A photovoltaic cell is a device that turns sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It is often used in photovoltaic systems to supply a green and eco-friendly energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system transforms sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a renewable energy technology that provides renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon acts as a basic particle that represents a unit of light as well as other electromagnetic radiation, carrying with it energy and momentum and energy without possessing rest mass. It plays a crucial role in the interactions between matter and electromagnetic fields, enabling phenomena including reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the process by which certain materials transform sunlight straight into electricity through the generation of charge carriers. This effect is the basic foundation behind photovoltaic technology, facilitating the capturing of solar solar power for energy creation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electronics is a fine slice of chip material, usually silicon, used as the base for creating integrated circuits. It serves as the main platform where integrated circuits are built through processes like doping, etching, and lamination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a super pure form of silicon used predominantly in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and electronic systems due to its excellent semiconductor properties. Its structured, systematic crystal lattice enables effective electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin film solar cells are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their light, pliable configuration, and capacity for large-area manufacturing at a lower cost. They use layers of semiconductor materials just several micrometers in thickness to transform sunlight into usable electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the constant forces exerted by the mass of building components and stationary equipment, while live loads are temporary forces such as occupants, furniture, and environmental factors. Both are essential considerations in structural design to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits connect components end-to-end, so the identical current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits link components across the same voltage source, allowing multiple paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's total resistance, current allocation, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electric power refers to the velocity at which electrical energy is conveyed by an electrical circuit, mainly utilized for powering devices and appliances. Created through various sources such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear, and renewable energy, and fundamental for modern life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A watt is a standard of energy transfer rate in the metric system, indicating the speed of energy flow or conversion. It is equivalent to one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electronic pressure difference between two points, which pushes the flow of electrical current in a circuit. It is measured in V and indicates the power per unit charge accessible to shift electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A electromotive force is the derived unit of electric potential, voltage difference, and voltage in the International System of Units. It measures the potential energy per coulomb between points in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the flow of electricity through a metal wire, usually measured in amperes. It is crucial for energizing electronic equipment and allowing the working of electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere serves as the standard of electrical current in the International System of Units, represented by A. It measures the movement of electrical charge through a conductor over a period of time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load is the term for the level of electrical power or current demanded by appliances and Electrical load in a circuit. It determines the configuration and power of power systems to guarantee reliable and optimized energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction enclosure is an electrical housing used to protect wire connections, providing a core for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures structured and safe connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 is a standardized photovoltaic connector used to attach solar panels in a reliable and trustworthy manner. It features a click-in design with waterproof sealing, providing durability and efficient electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power offers a simple and standardized method of delivering electrical energy to devices through standard ports. It is often used for charging and supplying a extensive range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power inverter is a instrument that changes DC from inputs like accumulators or photovoltaic arrays into alternating current (AC) suitable for domestic gadgets. It permits the use of common electrical appliances in settings where only DC power is accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack is a collection of several individual batteries created to store and supply electrical energy for various devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar tracking systems automatically align the position of solar modules to monitor the sun movement throughout the 24 hours, maximizing energy absorption. This technology improves the efficiency of solar power gathering by keeping optimal solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a approach used to enhance the energy production of photovoltaic systems by continuously adjusting the operating point to match the optimal power point of the photovoltaic modules. This methodology provides the highest efficiency energy extraction, especially under varying environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer functions as a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by separately improving the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by reducing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar performance monitor is a instrument that observes and evaluates the efficiency of photovoltaic panel systems in instantaneous, providing important data on energy generation and system health. It assists enhance solar power generation by spotting issues early and ensuring optimal output. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Thin-film solar cells are thin, adaptable photovoltaic devices made by depositing fine layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a affordable and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in various portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect, making them a eco-friendly energy source. They are typically used in solar panels to power homes, devices, and complete solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a substance composed of countless small silicon crystals, typically used in solar panels and chip fabrication. Its manufacturing process involves liquefying and reforming silicon to form a pure, polycrystalline type fit for electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Mono silicon is a premium form of silicon with a continuous crystal arrangement, making it highly efficient for use in solar cells and electronics. Its uniform formation allows for better electron transfer, resulting in superior efficiency compared to other silicon types. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics constitute a kind of thin film solar method that presents a cost-effective and efficient option for large-scale solar energy harvesting. They are known as their high absorption capability and moderately reduced manufacturing fees in comparison with traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic devices are flexible photovoltaic cells that employ a composite compound of copper, In, gallium, and selenium to turn sunlight into energy effectively. They are noted for their high absorption effectiveness, flexibility, and potential for portable, cost-effective solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a non-ordered molecular configuration, making it easier to handle and simpler to apply than crystalline silicon. It is commonly used in thin-film solar cells and electronic devices due to its cost-effectiveness and adaptable features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Advanced-generation photovoltaic modules aim to exceed traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing state-of-the-art materials and innovative techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on optimizing energy conversion, cutting costs, and broadening applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-junction solar panels are cutting-edge photovoltaic devices that use multiple p-n connections stacked in tandem to capture a broader range of the solar spectrum, substantially boosting their efficiency. These are primarily applied in space satellites and advanced solar power installations due to their excellent energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft are essential devices that transform solar radiation into electricity to operate onboard equipment. Usually lightweight, robust, and crafted to function effectively in the extreme space conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are compounds composed of two or more elements, typically involving a metal component and a non-metallic element, used in high-speed electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as lasers, light-emitting diodes, and high-frequency transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound-based semiconductor known for its excellent electron mobility and performance in high-frequency and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV use lenses or mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto very efficient multi-junction solar cells, greatly enhancing energy conversion efficiency. This technique is suitable for large-scale solar power plants in zones with clear sunlight, delivering a affordable approach for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Ultralight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its lightweight and bendable form factor. It offers a economical alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in solar building materials and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic cell utilize a ultra-thin layer of CuInGaSe2 as the solar semiconductor, known for high efficiency and flexibility. They offer a lightweight, cost-effective alternative to conventional silicon PV modules with great output in diverse climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film is a term for a very thin layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in multiple technological applications. These films are essential in electronics, optical systems, and coverings for their special physical and chemical characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Building-mounted solar PV systems harness solar energy to generate electricity directly on building rooftops, providing a sustainable and cost-effective energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to environmental conservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A layer of material is a sheet of compound ranging from tiny nanometric scales to several micrometers in thickness, often applied to surfaces for functional applications. These layers are used in multiple sectors, including electronic devices, optical technologies, and healthcare, to change surface traits or engineer certain device functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are measurement units the same as one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to depict very tiny distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are important in disciplines including nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for gauging structures and particles at the nanoscale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Calipers are precision gauges used to exactly measure small distances or depths, typically in manufacturing and fabrication. They feature a adjusted screw device that allows for exact readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon wafer is a thin, round piece of silicon crystal used as the foundation for fabricating semiconductor devices. It serves as the foundational material in the manufacture of semiconductor chips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | CIGS photovoltaic cells are flexible photovoltaic devices known for their excellent performance and flexibility, ideal for multiple fields. They employ a multilayer layered semiconductor setup that turns sunlight directly into power with excellent performance in low-light environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a form of silicon used in solar cells, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a grainy appearance. It is known for being economical and having a moderately high efficiency in converting sunlight into electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar power setups convert sun rays directly into electricity using PV cells, supplying a renewable energy source for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. They provide a clean, long-lasting, and affordable way to decrease reliance on non-renewable energy sources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A photo-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a solar energy device that converts sunlight into power using a light-sensitive dye to capture light and produce electron flow. It offers a cost-effective and adaptable alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cells, with opportunity for clear and thin applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanos semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and conversion efficiency through quantum size effects. This approach offers the possibility for lower-cost, flexible, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are photoelectric devices that use carbon-based molecules, to turn solar radiation into electrical power. They are lightweight, flexible, and enable cost-effective, broad solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a advantageous photovoltaic substance used in layer solar modules due to its earth-abundant and non-toxic elements. Its favorable optical-electronic properties make it an appealing alternative for eco-friendly photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics integrated solar building solutions seamlessly incorporate solar power systems into the design of construction components, such as roof surfaces, building exteriors, and windows. This innovative approach enhances power savings while maintaining aesthetic appeal and building integrity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to penetrate a material with minimal distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency allows light to scatter through, hiding detailed view but yet still permitting shapes and light to penetrate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window tinting involves applying a thin film to the inside or outside of vehicle or building windows to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It enhances privacy, increases energy efficiency, and provides a stylish aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of solar power stations information various extensive solar energy plants around the planet, demonstrating their capacities and sites. These facilities serve a important role in sustainable energy generation and international efforts to reduce carbon releases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Solar power facilities are massive systems that convert sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. They play a vital role in clean energy production, cutting dependence on fossil fuels, and cutting emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of problems such as waste, climatic shifts, and forest loss that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote sustainable practices and protect wild habitats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from eco-friendly origins that are renewably replenished, such as solar radiation, wind, and water. It offers a renewable alternative to non-renewable energy sources, decreasing environmental harm and promoting long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-sustainable energy resources, such as coal, oil, and fossil gas, are limited reserves formed over extensive periods and are depleted when used. They are the primary fuels for power production and transportation but pose environmental and sustainability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electricity generation involves converting various energy types such as fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable resources into electrical energy. This process typically occurs in power stations where turbines and generators work together to produce electricity for power distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are compact, toxic elements such as plumbum, mercury, Cd, and arsenic that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance measures how efficiently a solar panel converts sunlight into usable electrical power. Improving this Solar-cell efficiency is crucial for increasing renewable energy production and cutting reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when radiation shining on a metallic surface ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This event provided critical proof for the development of quantum mechanics by showing that photon energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves placing products to higher-than-normal stresses to speedily determine their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps find potential failures and enhance product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The increase of solar panels has quickened rapidly over the past ten years, driven by innovations and reducing prices. This expansion is changing the international energy scene by boosting the share of renewable solar power in electricity generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power installations intended to generate electricity on a business scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These sites typically cover vast areas and utilize photovoltaic panels or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy cost-effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A lens is a see-through instrument that bends light to converge or spread out rays, forming images. It is frequently used in devices like camera units, glasses, and microscopes to adjust light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the measure between an incoming light ray and the perpendicular line perpendicular to the surface at the contact point. It controls how light interacts with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a thin layer applied to lens surfaces to cut down on glare and increase light flow. It enhances the clarity and brightness of optical devices by cutting down on stray reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in a manner that that their amplitudes negate each other, causing a reduction or complete elimination of the combined wave. This event typically happens when the waveforms are out of phase by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current is a type of electrical flow that changes polarity, mainly utilized in electrical distribution networks. Its voltage varies sinusoidally over time, allowing effective conveyance over long distances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A microinverter is a small device used to transform DC from a single solar panel into AC suitable for domestic use. It boosts system performance by maximizing power output at the panel level and simplifies installation and service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC electrical energy, or AC power, is electrical power delivered through a network where the voltage level and electric flow periodically reverse orientation, enabling optimized transmission over vast spans. It is frequently used in residences and commercial sectors to operate different appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC connector is a kind of electrical plug used to deliver DC energy from a power source to an electronic device. It generally consists of a cylindrical plug and receptacle that guarantee a secure and consistent link for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Labs is a worldwide safety validation body that tests and approves products to confirm they meet particular security requirements. It helps consumers and businesses identify trustworthy and secure products through strict assessment and examination procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Serial circuits are electronic circuits in which parts are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current. In this arrangement, the identical current passes through all parts, and the total voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electrical circuits where parts are connected between the same voltage source, giving multiple paths for current flow. This arrangement allows units to operate separately, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode serves as a solid-state device that allows current to flow in a single sense only, functioning as a unidirectional valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An vehicle auxiliary power outlet is a socket, typically 12V, designed to supply electrical power for different devices and attachments within a car. It enables users to power electronic devices or use small devices when on the go. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a standard for linking hardware to PCs, facilitating data transfer and power delivery. It backs a variety of devices such as keyboards, mice, external drives, and mobile phones, with various versions offering higher speeds and improved features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency relates to the percentage of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell turns into electrical energy. Improving this efficiency is essential to optimizing energy output and making solar power economical and eco-friendly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. DOE federal research facility dedicated to research and development in renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. It is committed to advancing developments in solar power, wind power, biomass energy, and other sustainable energy sources to support a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses every kind of EM radiation, ranging from radio waves to gamma rays, all possessing diverse lengths and energy levels. This range is fundamental to numerous technological applications and the natural world, enabling data exchange, medical imaging, and understanding of the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a type of EM radiation with a wave length shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X-rays, primarily emitted by the sun. It serves a key role in including vitamin D production but can also result in skin injury and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic wave with extended wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Uniform color refers to a color palette based on alterations of a individual hue, using different shades, tints, and tones to create balance and accord. This layout approach emphasizes minimalism and elegance by maintaining uniform color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the power of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, generally measured in watts per square meter. It is a crucial parameter in fields such as solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the strength of sunlight hitting a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a unit of measurement used to quantify the strength of power or power received or emitted over a defined surface, frequently in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in understanding the spread and transfer of radiation across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the span of various tones or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, visible or alternatively. It is often used to depict the spread of light or signal frequencies in multiple scientific and technological contexts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a substantial volume of air's with fairly uniform temp and dampness features, coming from from particular origin areas. These air masses influence climate trends and atmospheric situations as they travel over various areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar power is the quantification of the power per square kilometer received from the solar source in the type of light. It changes with solar phenomena and Earth's atmospheric conditions, influencing global climate and weather patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in solar power refers to the accumulation of debris, and foreign matter on the exterior of photovoltaic modules, which reduces their efficiency. Regular cleaning and servicing are essential to limit energy decrease and guarantee maximum efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage is the maximum voltage accessible from a power source when current flow is absent, taken across its terminals. It represents the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current refers to the maximum electrical current that flows through a circuit when a reduced resistance connection, or short circuit, takes place, going around the normal load. It presents a major safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (W_peak) is a indicator of the highest power generation of a solar panel under optimal sunlight conditions. It shows the module's peak ability to produce electricity in typical testing environments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an electrical instrument used to measure the potential difference between two locations in a electrical system. It is widely employed in different electrical and electronic fields to ensure proper electrical potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a occurrence in photovoltaic modules where high voltage stress causes a notable reduction in power output and efficiency. It occurs due to current leakage and ion transfer within the photovoltaic materials, leading to degradation over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is considered a semi metallic chemical element essential for plant development and applied in various industrial applications, such as glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It has distinctive chemical traits that render it useful in manufacturing durable, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring optimal tilt and orientation for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand environmental conditions while providing a solid and durable foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A sun-powered power plant collects sunlight using vast collections of photovoltaic modules to create renewable electricity. It provides an environmentally friendly energy source, cutting down reliance on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated approach of employing land for both solar power production and farming, maximizing space and resources. This approach enhances crop production while concurrently producing renewable energy, promoting sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar cells are photovoltaic devices designed to harvest sunlight using both surfaces, enhancing overall energy production. They are typically mounted in a way that allows for increased efficiency by leveraging albedo mirroring and reflected sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A sun-powered canopy is a structure that provides shade while producing electricity through built-in solar panels. It is frequently installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to merge environmental benefits with functional design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel setup is a assembly of numerous photovoltaic modules designed to create electricity from sunlight. It is often used in green energy setups to generate clean, sustainable power for different applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A outdoor cover is a structure that provides shade and shelter from the conditions for exterior areas. It enhances the practicality and visual charm of a terrace, making it a cozy space for rest and gatherings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the measurement between the upright line directly overhead and the line of sight to a heavenly body. It is applied in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of objects in the sky relative to an observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The compass bearing is a horizontal angle measured clockwise a reference heading, typically true north, to the line linking an observer to a destination. It is commonly used in wayfinding, land measurement, and astrophysics to specify the direction of an target with respect to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Setting up solar panels exposes workers to risks such as fall hazards and electricity shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant Occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a electronic substance widely used in thin film solar cells due to its superior efficiency and cost-effectiveness. It demonstrates outstanding optical features, making it a popular choice for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An catalog of photovoltaics companies showcases the major manufacturers and suppliers focused on solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions across the globe. These companies play a crucial role in advancing solar energy adoption and advancement across different markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A GW is a quantity of power equal to 1,000,000,000 W, used to measure massive energy generation and utilization. It is commonly associated with power plants, national grids, and major energy initiatives worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | The company First Solar is a global leader in photovoltaic (PV) energy solutions, focused on manufacturing thin film solar modules that offer high-performance and low-cost power output. The firm is committed to green energy development and decreasing the world's reliance on fossil fuels through innovative solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology expertise in seamlessly connecting various elements of industrial and automation systems to boost performance and dependability. It focuses on creating cutting-edge solutions that enable efficient communication and interoperability among diverse technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic stands as a top Chinese firm focused on the manufacturing and development of photovoltaic photovoltaic items and systems. It is known for state-of-the-art tech and green energy projects in the the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of energy equal to one billion W, often used to describe the capacity of large-scale power production or usage. It highlights the immense energy extent involved in current energy infrastructure and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Knowledge curve effects refer to the phenomenon where the production cost drops as cumulative output rises, due to gaining knowledge and efficiencies achieved over time. This phenomenon highlights the importance of stored knowledge in cutting expenses and boosting output in production and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Solar energy turn sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductor elements, primarily silicon. This system is a pure, renewable energy source that aids reduce reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the cost of generating solar or wind energy is the same as or lower than the expense of buying power from the power grid. Achieving grid parity means that sustainable energy sources are economically competitive with fossil fuel-based fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity serves as the main electrical power supplied to houses and businesses through a network of power lines, offering a consistent source of energy for different appliances. It typically operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, based on the nation, and is delivered through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all parts of a solar power system except the photovoltaic panels, including inverters, racking, wiring, and other electrical hardware. It is crucial for guaranteeing the optimum and dependable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | The sun's power is absorbed from the sun's rays using solar cells to produce electricity or through solar heating systems to produce heat. It represents a renewable, eco-friendly, and environmentally friendly power supply that reduces reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are commonly employed in domestic, commercial, and manufacturing environments to create renewable, eco-friendly electricity from sunlight. They also power remote and off-grid locations, providing renewable energy solutions where traditional power grids are unavailable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A catalog of solar energy items features a selection of gadgets that harness sunlight to produce energy, promoting environmentally friendly and eco-conscious living. These solutions include ranging from solar energy units and lights to household devices and outdoor gear, offering flexible alternatives for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A photovoltaic power station is a installation that generates sunlight directly into electricity using solar modules. It is a renewable energy source that aids in decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with additional energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to provide a reliable and efficient power supply. They optimize energy use by allocating renewable resources and backup options, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV use optical lenses plus reflectors to focus sunlight on highly efficient photovoltaic cells, considerably increasing energy capture using a smaller area. This technology is highly suitable in areas with bright, direct sunlight and offers a promising approach to reducing the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
