| Solar panel | Solar array are instruments that convert sunlight to electricity using PV cells. They serve as an green and sustainable energy source, minimizing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar energy collector is a system that absorbs sunlight to produce heat, typically used for water heating or space heating applications. It efficiently converts solar energy into thermal energy, reducing reliance on standard energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Sun-powered thermal energy harnesses sun rays to generate warmth, which can be used for water heating systems, space warming, or power generation. It is a sustainable and renewable technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in the county of West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a charming blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic nation in the UK known for its wealthy cultural heritage, iconic landmarks, and vibrant cities like the capital. It boasts a varied terrain of undulating terrain, historic forts, and bustling urban centers that blend tradition with contemporary advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Sunlight is the environmental illumination emitted by the sun, essential for life on Earth as it supplies fuel for photosynthesis and shapes climate and weather patterns. It also contributes to our well-being by controlling our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electrical power is a form of energy due to the movement of electrically charged entities, primarily negatively charged particles. It powers numerous devices and infrastructures, facilitating modern life and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a sustainable energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a negative electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, important for in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions affect the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the one-way flow of electric charge, generally produced by battteries, power sources, and solar panels. It provides a constant voltage or current, rendering it essential for electronic devices and low-voltage applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A battery is a device that holds chemical energy and converts it into electrical energy to power various electronic devices. It consists of one or more galvanic units, each comprising electrode pairs divided by an electrolytic substance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An photovoltaic system converts solar radiation immediately into electricity using solar panels made of solar cells. It is an eco-friendly power solution that minimizes reliance on fossil fuels and promotes renewable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A photovoltaic inverter is a device that transforms DC created by solar panels into alternating current (AC) appropriate for domestic use and grid connection. It is vital for optimizing energy use and providing safe, consistent power output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that flips polarity regularly, usually used in residential and industrial power supplies. It allows for effective transmission of electricity over long distances and is marked by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A power management device is a device that controls the voltage and current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from overcharging and harm. It guarantees optimal energy flow and prolongs the lifespan of the battery bank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measurement device is a tool used to determine the extent, volume, or level of something accurately. It includes gadgets like meters, climate gauges, and barometers that provide exact readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a mechanism that automatically adjusts the orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun's movement throughout the day, maximizing energy absorption. This innovation improves the efficiency of solar power systems by ensuring best sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar power plants are huge plants that harness sunlight to produce electricity using numerous solar panels. They supply a green and eco-friendly energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Roof-mounted solar energy involves placing photovoltaic cells on roofs of buildings to produce electricity from sunlight. This green energy source helps minimize reliance on non-renewable fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-connected photovoltaic system converts sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a sustainable energy solution. It improves energy efficiency and cuts down reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to gain potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, CH4, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like fossil fuel combustion and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar energy satellite is an spacecraft equipped with photovoltaic panels that absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity. This energy is then sent wirelessly to the planet's surface for use as a clean, renewable power source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home power storage systems store excess energy generated from renewable energy or the grid for later use, enhancing energy independence and efficiency. These solutions typically utilize batteries to offer backup power, lower energy expenses, and assist grid reliability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of solar cells chronicles the advancement and innovations in photovoltaic technology from the beginning invention of the photovoltaic effect to contemporary high-efficiency solar panels. It highlights key breakthroughs, including the invention of the initial silicon solar cell in 1954 and continuous developments that have greatly improved power conversion and cost-effectiveness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a Gallic physicist noted for his groundbreaking work in the study of the photovoltaic effect and luminescence. His experiments laid the groundwork for grasping how radiation interacts with certain substances to create electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a British electrician and scientist known for discovering the photo-conductive property of Se in 1873. His work formed the basis for the creation of the photo-sensitive device and advancements in early photographic and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an open-source framework used for automated testing of web browsers, enabling testers to mimic user interactions and test web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and web browsers, making it a versatile tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization of light reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was a an US inventor who created the earliest working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work set the foundation for the current photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-burning power plant generates electricity by combusting coal to produce vapor that powers turbines connected to generators. This process releases considerable amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and improving the understanding of semiconductors. His work laid the foundation for modern solar energy technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a renowned research and development organization historically associated with AT&T, known for groundbreaking innovations in communications, computer science, and materials science. It has been the birthplace of many groundbreaking inventions, including the transistor and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a element with the symbol Si and number 14, famous for its key role in the production of electronics and solar cells. It is a tough, brittle solid solid with a bluish-gray shine, primarily used as a semi-conductor in the tech industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A compact inverter is a compact unit installed on each photovoltaic panel to transform direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) on-site. This technology improves system efficiency, enables improved performance oversight, and increases energy production in photovoltaic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A photovoltaic cell is a component that turns sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It is frequently used in photovoltaic systems to provide a sustainable and sustainable energy power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a green energy technology that provides renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon is a elementary particle representing a quantum of light as well as other electromagnetic radiation, carrying energy and momentum without containing rest mass. It plays a important role in the interactions between matter and electromagnetic fields, facilitating phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The photovoltaic effect is the mechanism by which particular compounds turn sunlight immediately into electricity through the creation of electron-hole pairs. This effect is the core foundation behind solar cell technology, allowing the utilization of solar sunlight for electricity production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electrical engineering is a fine slice of semiconductor material, typically silicon, used as the substrate for fabricating integrated circuits. It functions as the foundational platform where microprocessors are built through processes like doping, etching, and coating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a super pure form of silicon used predominantly in the manufacturing of solar cells and electronic components due to its superb semiconductor properties. Its structured, neat crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin film solar cells are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their lightweight, flexible design, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a reduced expense. They use thin semiconductor layers a few micrometers thick to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the weight of construction parts and permanent equipment, while live loads are temporary forces such as occupants, fixtures, and external influences. Both are critical considerations in structural design to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits connect components end-to-end, so the identical current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits link components between the same voltage source, permitting multiple paths for current. These layouts influence the circuit's overall resistance, current spread, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electric power is the speed at which electricity is transferred by an electrical network, mainly utilized for powering devices and appliances. Created through various sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear, and green energy, and is essential for today's lifestyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A unit of power is a measure of power in the metric system, indicating the speed of energy transfer or transformation. It is the same as one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electrical voltage difference between two points, which causes the movement of electrical current in a circuit. It is measured in volts and indicates the power per unit charge accessible to transport electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A voltage is the derived unit of electric potential, electric potential difference, and electromotive force in the SI system. It measures the electric energy per charge unit between two points in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric current is the flow of electrical charge through a conductor wire, typically measured in amperes. It is necessary for energizing electronic equipment and enabling the working of electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp is the standard of electrical flow in the International System of Units, represented by A. It measures the flow of electrical charge through a conductor over a duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load is the term for the amount of electrical power or current demanded by devices and electrical load in a circuit. It affects the configuration and size of power systems to guarantee safe and optimized energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction box is an electrical enclosure used to protect wire connections, providing a main hub for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and safe connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to connect solar panels in a secure and dependable manner. It features a clip-in design with waterproof sealing, guaranteeing durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power offers a convenient and consistent method of providing electrical energy to devices through common ports. It is frequently used for charging and energizing a wide range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power inverter is a device that transforms direct current (DC) from supplies like cells or photovoltaic arrays into alternating current (AC) suitable for domestic gadgets. It enables the operation of regular electrical equipment in settings where only DC power is present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack is a collection of numerous individual batteries created to store and supply electrical energy for different devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Sun tracking devices automatically align the orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun movement throughout the daytime, enhancing power intake. This system increases the effectiveness of solar energy collection by ensuring best panel orientation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a method used to optimize the energy production of photovoltaic systems by constantly tuning the operating point to correspond to the peak power point of the solar panels. This procedure ensures the best performance energy extraction, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer serves as a device used in solar energy systems to boost energy output by individually enhancing the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a instrument that observes and examines the efficiency of solar panel systems in real-time, delivering important data on energy generation and system condition. It helps enhance solar power generation by identifying problems promptly and securing maximum performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Thin-film solar cells are lightweight, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing slim layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a economical and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in multiple portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Solar cells convert sun rays directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect, making them a sustainable energy source. They are frequently used in photovoltaic modules to generate electricity for homes, appliances, and full solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a substance composed of numerous minute silicon crystal structures, frequently used in solar panels and microchip production. Its creation involves melting and restructuring silicon to generate a pure, polycrystalline structure fit for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Monocrystalline silicon is a high-purity type of silicon with a uniform crystal structure, making it very effective for use in solar cells and electronic devices. Its homogeneous framework allows for enhanced charge movement, resulting in superior functionality compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics represent a kind of thin-film solar system that presents a cost-effective and high-performance alternative for extensive solar energy harvesting. They are recognized for their great absorption capability and moderately reduced manufacturing costs in comparison with traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic devices are thin-film photovoltaic cells that utilize a multi-layered compound of Cu, In, Ga, and selenium to turn sunlight into electricity efficiently. They are known for their excellent absorption performance, flexibility, and potential for lightweight, economical solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Non-crystalline silicon is a disordered molecular structure, making it easier to handle and simpler to apply than ordered silicon. It is frequently used in photovoltaic thin films and electronic components due to its affordability and versatile features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Advanced-generation photovoltaic cells aim to surpass traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing state-of-the-art materials and new techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on optimizing energy conversion, reducing costs, and broadening applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-layered solar cells are innovative photovoltaic devices that utilize multiple p-n connections stacked together to collect a broader range of the solar spectrum, substantially boosting their efficiency. They are primarily used in space missions and high-performance solar power systems due to their superior energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar arrays are vital components that generate sunlight into electricity to supply onboard instrumentation. Generally lightweight, durable, and built for efficient operation in the extreme space conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are compounds composed of several elements, typically involving a metal and a non-metallic component, used in high-frequency electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as lasers, LEDs, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound-based semiconductor known for its excellent electron mobility and efficiency in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is often used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV employ optics or mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto very efficient multi-junction solar cells, significantly increasing energy conversion efficiency. This approach is perfect for large-scale solar power plants in zones with direct sunlight, offering a cost-effective solution for high-demand energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Flexible silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its slim and pliant form factor. It offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and mobile energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a ultra-thin layer of copper indium gallium selenide as the light-absorbing layer, known for superior performance and adaptability. They offer a lightweight, budget-friendly alternative to conventional silicon PV modules with excellent performance in diverse climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film denotes a very thin layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in various technological uses. These coatings are essential in electronics, light manipulation, and coatings for their special physical and chemical features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Building-mounted solar PV systems harness solar energy to generate electricity directly on rooftops of buildings, providing a sustainable and cost-effective energy solution. They help decrease use of fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to green initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A thin film is a sheet of substance covering a few nanometers to a few microns in dimension, often coated on surfaces for functional purposes. These films are used in diverse fields, including electronic devices, optics, and medicine, to change surface traits or engineer certain device functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometers are measurement units equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to describe very tiny distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are important in areas such as nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for gauging structures and particles at the nano level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Micrometers are precision gauges used to exactly measure minute thicknesses or widths, generally in machining and fabrication. They feature a adjusted screw mechanism that allows for precise readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon slice is a fine, circular slice of silicon crystal used as the platform for producing semiconductor devices. It acts as the primary material in the manufacture of integrated circuits and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are compact photovoltaic devices famous for their high efficiency and adaptability, ideal for multiple fields. They utilize a multilayer semiconductor architecture that converts sunlight straight into electrical energy with excellent performance in low-light settings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a kind of silicon used in photovoltaic panels, characterized by its many crystal grains that give it a grainy appearance. It is recognized for being economical and having a relatively high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar power setups convert solar energy directly into power using photovoltaic cells, offering a green energy source for residential, business, and large-scale applications. They deliver a eco-friendly, renewable, and economical way to cut down reliance on non-renewable energy sources and decrease CO2 emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that converts sunlight into power using a light-reactive dye to capture light and generate electron flow. It offers a affordable and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cells, with opportunity for clear and thin applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanoscale semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and conversion efficiency through quantum confinement effects. This technology offers the potential for cost-effective, adaptable, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are photoelectric devices that utilize organic materials, to turn sunlight into electric power. They are easy to handle, bendable, and offer the potential for cost-effective, broad solar power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS (Copper is a potential electronic substance used in layer solar cells due to its abundant and safe elements. Its superior optoelectronic properties make it an appealing option for eco-friendly photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics integrated solar building solutions seamlessly incorporate solar power systems into the design of building materials, such as roof surfaces, building exteriors, and fenestration. This modern approach enhances power savings while maintaining design elegance and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to penetrate a material bearing minimal distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency allows light to scatter through, making detailed visibility obscured but still allowing shapes and light to penetrate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Vehicle and building window film application involves applying a thin film to the interior or exterior of automobiles or edifices glazing to cut down on glare, heat, and UV rays. It boosts privacy, enhances energy efficiency, and adds a stylish aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A list of photovoltaic power stations overview various extensive solar energy plants around the planet, highlighting their output and locations. These plants serve a vital role in sustainable energy production and global efforts to lower carbon pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic power stations are massive installations that turn sunlight straight into electricity using solar modules. They play a vital role in clean energy production, lessening dependence on coal and oil, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental challenges encompass a wide range of problems such as waste, climatic shifts, and tree clearing that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collaborative action to promote eco-friendly methods and protect biodiverse environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from environmentally friendly sources that are constantly replenished, such as solar radiation, breezes, and hydropower. It offers a renewable solution to non-renewable energy sources, minimizing environmental impact and supporting lasting energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as bituminous coal, petroleum, and fossil gas, are limited reserves formed over geological eras and are consumed when used. They are the main fuels for electrical energy and mobility but pose ecological and renewability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electrical energy creation involves converting various energy sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and sustainable resources into electrical power. This process generally happens in power plants where turbines and generators work together to produce power for distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are compact, harmful elements such as Pb, quicksilver, Cd, and arsenic that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar-cell efficiency indicates how effectively a photovoltaic device converts sunlight into usable electrical electricity. Enhancing this efficiency is key for maximizing renewable energy generation and decreasing reliance on coal and oil. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when radiation shining on a metal ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle-like behavior of light. This phenomenon provided critical proof for the development of quantum physics by showing that light energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves subjecting products to increased stresses to speedily determine their durability and estimate their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps find potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The growth of photovoltaics has quickened rapidly over the past ten years, driven by innovations and decreasing costs. This growth is revolutionizing the global energy landscape by raising the percentage of renewable solar power in electricity generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar refers to large solar power facilities designed to generate electricity on a commercial scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These installations typically cover large areas and utilize solar panels or thermal solar systems to produce renewable energy cost-effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A lens is a see-through component that bending light to bring together or diverge rays, producing images. It is commonly used in devices like camera units, glasses, and microscopes to control light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the measure between an incoming light ray and the normal line perpendicular to the surface at the contact point. It determines how light behaves with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a delicate film applied to vision surfaces to reduce glare and enhance light passage. It enhances the clarity and illumination of screens by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in a manner that their amplitudes negate each other, leading to a diminution or full disappearance of the combined wave. This event generally happens when the waves are out of phase by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC is a type of electrical flow that periodically reverses, mainly utilized in power supply systems. Its voltage varies following a sine wave over time, enabling cost-effective transfer across extensive ranges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A microinverter is a small component used to transform DC from a individual solar module into alternating current (AC) suitable for household use. It enhances system efficiency by enhancing power output at the module level and eases setup and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | Alternating current power, or alternating current power, is electrical energy delivered through a network where the voltage and electric current periodically reverse direction, enabling efficient transmission over vast spans. It is commonly used in homes and industries to operate multiple appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC connector is a kind of electrical coupling used to supply DC energy from a power source to an electronic equipment. It generally consists of a tube-shaped plug and jack that provide a firm and trustworthy connection for various electronic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Labs is a global safety certification agency that evaluates and endorses products to ensure they meet particular security norms. It helps consumers and companies identify reliable and secure products through rigorous assessment and testing methods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series circuits are electronic circuits in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current flow. In this arrangement, the constant electric current passes through all elements, and the sum voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electronic circuits where components are connected across the same voltage source, giving multiple routes for current flow. This arrangement allows devices to operate autonomously, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode acts as a electronic device that allows current to pass in a single direction only, serving as a one-way valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electrical networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An automobile auxiliary power outlet is a port, typically 12-volt, created to supply electrical energy for different devices and add-ons inside of a automobile. It enables users to recharge electronic electronics or use small electronics during on the move. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a protocol for connecting peripheral peripherals to computers, enabling data transmission and power delivery. It backs a broad spectrum of peripherals such as input devices, mice, external drives, and smartphones, with various generations delivering faster speeds and improved features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency relates to the portion of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts into electrical energy. Enhancing this efficiency plays a key role in increasing energy generation and making solar power more cost-effective and sustainable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy federal research facility dedicated to R&D in renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. It is committed to advancing developments in solar power, wind, biomass energy, and other sustainable energy sources to enable a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses the entire range of electromagnetic radiation, extending from radio waves to gamma rays, each with varied lengths and energies. This spectrum is crucial to many technologies and natural phenomena, allowing data exchange, medical imaging, and insight into the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a kind of EM radiation with a wavelength shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays, primarily emitted by the solar radiation. It has a crucial role in processes like vitamin D synthesis but can also cause skin harm and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with greater wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color design based on variations of a individual hue, using various shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and accord. This design approach emphasizes clarity and sophistication by maintaining uniform color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the intensity of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, typically measured in watts per square meter. It is a important parameter in disciplines including solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the intensity of sunlight hitting a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a unit of measurement used to calculate the magnitude of radiation or energy flow received or emitted over a particular surface, often in areas such as meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in understanding the distribution and movement of energy across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the span of various colors or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, visible or alternatively. It is often used to illustrate the dispersion of light or signal bandwidths in various scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a large mass of air with fairly uniform thermal and humidity features, deriving from from particular starting areas. These air masses impact weather systems and atmospheric states as they travel over diverse regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the measure of the intensity per unit area received from the Sun in the form of light. It changes with solar activity and Earth's atmospheric conditions, affecting weather patterns and meteorological phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Dirt buildup in solar energy refers to the buildup of dust, and other particles on the panels of photovoltaic modules, which reduces their efficiency. Routine maintenance and servicing are essential to limit energy decrease and maintain optimal efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage is the maximum voltage available from a power source when there is no current, spanning its terminals. It represents the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current is the highest electrical current that flows through a circuit when a short connection, or short circuit, happens, going around the normal load. It poses a considerable safety hazard and can lead to damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (W_peak) is a assessment of the peak power output of a solar array under optimal sunlight conditions. It shows the module's peak capacity to produce electricity in standard testing conditions . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an measuring tool used to determine the electrical potential between two locations in a circuit. It is widely employed in numerous electrical and electronic setups to verify proper electrical potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a occurrence in PV modules where high voltage stress causes a notable reduction in power output and efficiency. It occurs due to current leakage and ion movement within the solar cell components, leading to performance decline over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is considered a semi-metal element necessary for plant growth and applied in various industrial uses, such as glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It has special chemical traits that cause it valuable in producing long-lasting, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring ideal tilt and alignment for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand external conditions while providing a solid and resilient foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A sun-powered power plant harnesses sunlight using large arrays of photovoltaic solar panels to generate renewable electricity. It offers an green energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the combined method of using land for both solar energy output and cultivation, optimizing space and resources. This method enhances crop production while simultaneously creating renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar cells are solar panels designed to harvest sunlight using both surfaces, boosting overall energy production. They are commonly positioned in a way that improves effectiveness by leveraging albedo reflection and reflected rays from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar canopy is a structure that provides shade while producing electricity through embedded solar panels. It is commonly installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to combine environmental benefits with useful design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel system is a collection of multiple solar modules designed to produce electricity from sunlight. It is frequently used in renewable energy systems to produce renewable, sustainable power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A outdoor cover is a framework that delivers shade and cover from the conditions for outdoor living spaces. It boosts the functionality and visual charm of a terrace, making it a pleasant space for rest and socializing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the angle between the perpendicular line directly overhead and the line of sight to a astronomical body. It is used in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of celestial entities in the sky relative to an spectator. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a reference direction, typically true north, to the line between an viewer to a destination. It is commonly used in wayfinding, land measurement, and astronomy to indicate the bearing of an celestial body relative to the observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Setting up solar panels exposes workers to risks such as fall hazards and electric shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant workplace risks in solar panel setup. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a electronic substance widely used in thin-film solar panels due to its excellent performance and cost-effectiveness. It exhibits outstanding optical features, making it a popular choice for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An list of photovoltaics companies showcases the top manufacturers and suppliers specializing in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions globally. These companies are key in driving solar energy implementation and advancement across multiple markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A GW is a unit of electricity equal to a billion watt, used to quantify massive power generation output and usage. It is generally associated with electricity stations, electricity networks, and major energy initiatives worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar Inc is a worldwide leader in solar PV power solutions, expert in manufacturing thin film-based solar cells that offer excellent efficiency and low-cost power output. The firm is focused on green energy development and decreasing the world's reliance on fossil fuels through advanced solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology expertise in effortlessly connecting various elements of factory and automated systems to improve productivity and reliability. It concentrates on building cutting-edge solutions that promote smooth communication and compatibility among different technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic stands as a top Chinese firm specializing in producing and developing photovoltaic photovoltaic items and systems. Renowned for cutting-edge technology and sustainable energy initiatives in the the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of energy equal to one billion watts, often used to represent the potential of massive power production or consumption. It highlights the huge power extent involved in contemporary power framework and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the phenomenon where the production cost decreases as total output increases, due to learning and efficiencies obtained over time. This concept highlights the importance of learned skills in cutting expenses and enhancing efficiency in production and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Solar energy convert sunlight straight into electricity through semiconductor materials, primarily silicon. This technology is a environmentally friendly, renewable energy source that aids reduce reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the cost of producing solar or wind energy is equal to or lower than the price of buying power from the power grid. Achieving Grid parity signifies that sustainable energy sources are economically competitive with traditional coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity serves as the main electrical power supplied to houses and companies through a grid of power lines, delivering a dependable source of energy for different appliances. It usually operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, depending on the country, and is supplied through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) includes all elements of a solar power system excluding the photovoltaic panels, such as inverters, racking, wiring, and other electrical hardware. It is essential for ensuring the optimum and consistent operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Sunlight is absorbed from the sun's rays using PV panels to convert electricity or through solar thermal systems to provide warmth. It is a renewable, eco-friendly, and environmentally friendly source of power that reduces reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are widely utilized in residential, business, and factory environments to generate green, renewable electricity from sunlight. They also drive remote and off-grid locations, offering sustainable energy solutions where traditional power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A collection of solar-powered products features a variety of tools that utilize sunlight to produce energy, supporting environmentally friendly and eco-conscious living. These items include covering solar power banks and lights to appliances and outdoor equipment, delivering flexible solutions for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar energy facility is a plant that converts sunlight immediately into electricity using solar modules. It is a green energy source that helps reduce reliance on non-renewable energy and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with alternative energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They optimize energy use by balancing renewable resources and backup options, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV utilize optical lenses or reflectors to focus solar radiation on advanced photovoltaic cells, considerably boosting power output using less space. This technology is highly suitable where intense, direct sunlight and provides a viable solution to cut expenses related to solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
