| Solar panel | Solar panel serve as devices that convert sunlight into using PV cells. These are an green and sustainable energy source, minimizing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar collector is a system that absorbs sunlight to convert heat, generally used for water heating or space heating applications. It successfully converts solar energy into thermal energy, cutting down on reliance on standard energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar heat harnesses sunlight to generate warmth, which can be used for water heating, space heating, or electricity generation. It is a green and renewable technology that reduces dependence on fossil fuels and lowers GHG emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a picturesque seaside town in West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a enchanting blend of sandy beaches, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic nation in the UK known for its rich cultural traditions, iconic landmarks, and bustling urban areas like the capital. It boasts a varied landscape of gentle slopes, ancient castles, and busy metropolitan areas that mix history with modern developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Solar light is the environmental light emitted by the sun, crucial for living organisms on Earth as it supplies energy for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also plays a role to our well-being by controlling our circadian rhythms and increasing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electrical power is a form of energy generated by the movement of ions, primarily negatively charged particles. It powers countless appliances and networks, supporting contemporary living and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a sustainable power source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are subatomic particles with a negative electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, crucial in in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions affect the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | Direct current is the single-direction stream of electric charge, usually produced by battteries, power sources, and solar cells. It provides a constant voltage or current, making it crucial for electronic devices and low-voltage applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A battery is a device that stores chemical energy and converts it into electrical energy to power various digital equipment. It includes one or more galvanic cells, each housing positive and negative electrodes separated by an electrolyte. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A solar power system converts sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels made of solar cells. It is an environmentally friendly energy option that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and supports renewable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A photovoltaic inverter is a device that converts direct current (DC) produced by solar panels into AC suitable for domestic use and utility connection. It is essential for maximizing energy efficiency and providing reliable, dependable power output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that flips direction periodically, generally used in residential and commercial power supplies. It enables optimal transmission of electricity over extended spans and is characterized by its voltage and current waveforms, usually sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge controller is a device that manages the voltage level and current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from excess charging and damage. It provides efficient energy transfer and prolongs the lifespan of the battery system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measurement device is a device used to measure the extent, volume, or intensity of something accurately. It includes tools like scales, thermometers, and manometers that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a system that instantaneously the orientation of solar panels to follow the sun's movement throughout the day, enhancing energy absorption. This innovation enhances the efficiency of solar power systems by keeping maximum sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar farms are huge installations that harness sunlight to create electricity using numerous solar panels. They provide a green and eco-friendly energy resource, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources and reducing pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Roof-mounted solar energy involves placing photovoltaic panels on building roofs to produce electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps cut down on reliance on non-renewable fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-integrated solar power system transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a sustainable energy solution. It enhances energy efficiency and cuts down reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to gain potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, CH4, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar energy satellite is an artificial satellite equipped with photovoltaic panels that collect sunlight and transform into electrical energy. This power is then transmitted wirelessly to our planet for utilization as a sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems retain excess energy generated from renewable energy or the power grid for future use, boosting energy independence and efficiency. These systems generally use batteries to deliver backup power, reduce energy expenses, and assist grid reliability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The chronology of solar cells tracks the development and advancements in solar energy tech from the early discovery of the solar effect to current high-efficiency solar panels. It highlights significant innovations, including the invention of the initial silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and ongoing advances that have greatly improved power transformation and cost-effectiveness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a French scientist renowned for his innovative work in the study of the photoelectric effect and luminescent phenomena. His research laid the groundwork for understanding how illumination interacts with specific substances to produce electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a UK electrician and researcher known for discovering the photo-conductive property of selenium in 1873. His work laid the foundation for the creation of the photoconductive cell and progress in initial photography and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an open-source framework used for automated testing of web browsers, enabling testers to simulate user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and browsers, making it a versatile tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of luminescence reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an American innovator who developed the initial working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work established the groundwork for the modern photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-fired power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce vapor that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases considerable amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with finding the solar cell and advancing the understanding of semiconductors. His work formed the basis of modern solar energy technology and the development of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a renowned R&D organization historically associated with AT&T, known for groundbreaking innovations in telecommunications, computing, and materials research. It has been the source of countless groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and number 14, famous for its key role in the fabrication of electronics and solar cells. It is a hard, brittle crystal material with a blue-grey shine, mainly utilized as a electronic component in the electronic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A micro-inverter is a small unit installed on each photovoltaic panel to transform direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) on-site. This technology increases system effectiveness, enables better performance oversight, and improves power output in photovoltaic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar panel is a unit that transforms sunlight straight into electricity through the photoelectric effect. It is frequently used in solar panels to provide a green and renewable energy power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a renewable energy technology that delivers eco-friendly power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon serves as a basic particle which represents a packet of light plus other electromagnetic radiation, carrying with it energy and momentum without having rest mass. It plays a key role in the connections between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena including reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the process by which specific substances turn sunlight straight into electricity through the production of electron-hole pairs. This event is the fundamental principle behind solar panel systems, allowing the harnessing of solar energy for energy creation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electrical engineering is a slim slice of chip material, typically silicon, used as the substrate for creating integrated circuits. It functions as the foundational platform where microchips are built through processes like doping, etching, and layering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used predominantly in the manufacturing of solar cells and electronic devices due to its excellent semiconductor properties. Its regular, systematic crystal lattice enables effective electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin-film photovoltaic devices are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their light, bendable structure, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a lower cost. They use thin semiconductor layers a few micrometers thick to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the constant forces exerted by the mass of construction parts and stationary equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as people, furniture, and weather conditions. Both are important considerations in building planning to ensure safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits connect components in a line, so the same current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits join components across the same voltage source, allowing several paths for current. These layouts influence the circuit's overall resistance, current distribution, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification represents the velocity at which electricity flows by an electrical network, primarily for running devices and appliances. Created through multiple sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, atomic energy, and green energy, and crucial for contemporary living. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A watt is a standard of energy transfer rate in the metric system, representing the measure of energy movement or transformation. It is equivalent to one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electronic potential difference between two points, which causes the flow of electrical current in a circuit. It is measured in V and shows the work per single charge ready to move electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A volt is the standard unit of electric potential, potential difference, and voltage in the SI system. It measures the electric energy per coulomb between two points in an circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the flow of electrical charge through a metal wire, commonly measured in A. It is necessary for energizing electronic devices and allowing the operation of electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere represents the measure of electrical flow in the SI units, symbolized as A. It measures the movement of electrical charge through a conductor over a period of time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load is the term for the amount of electrical power or current demanded by devices and Electrical load in a circuit. It influences the layout and size of power systems to guarantee secure and cost-effective energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction enclosure is an electrical housing used to securely contain wire connections, providing a main hub for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and safe connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 connector is a uniform photovoltaic connector used to attach solar panels in a secure and trustworthy manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and efficient electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power provides a convenient and uniform method of providing electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is frequently used for powering and feeding a wide range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power converter is a unit that converts direct current (DC) from supplies like cells or solar arrays into alternating current (AC) suitable for domestic gadgets. It permits the operation of regular electrical equipment in settings where only direct current electricity is present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack functions as a collection of numerous individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for various devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar tracking systems automatically adjust the position of photovoltaic panels to follow the sun’s path throughout the daytime, enhancing energy absorption. This innovation increases the effectiveness of photovoltaic energy harvesting by maintaining optimal panel orientation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to enhance the energy production of solar panel setups by constantly tuning the operating point to align with the peak power point of the solar panels. This process provides the highest efficiency energy harvesting, especially under differing environmental factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer is a device used in solar energy systems to boost energy output by individually tailored improving the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a instrument that tracks and examines the effectiveness of photovoltaic panel systems in real-time, delivering important data on power output and system condition. It helps maximize solar power output by spotting faults ahead of time and securing maximum efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are lightweight, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing thin layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a affordable and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in different portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert sun rays directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a sustainable energy source. They are typically used in photovoltaic modules to power homes, electronic gadgets, and entire solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a compound composed of many small silicon crystals, frequently used in solar panels and microchip production. Its manufacturing process involves liquefying and restructuring silicon to form a pure, polycrystalline structure fit for microelectronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Monocrystalline silicon is a high-purity type of silicon with a uniform lattice framework, making it extremely capable for use in photovoltaic modules and electronic devices. Its uniform formation allows for enhanced electron transfer, resulting in better performance compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics are a category of film solar technology that offers a cost-effective and effective option for large-scale solar energy harvesting. They are their high absorption capability and relatively affordable manufacturing costs compared to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic devices are thin-film photovoltaic devices that utilize a layered compound of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium to convert sunlight into power efficiently. They are noted for their excellent absorption effectiveness, flexibility, and potential for compact, affordable solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a non-ordered atomic structure, making it more flexible and more straightforward to layer than structured silicon. It is frequently used in photovoltaic thin films and electronic components due to its economic advantage and flexible properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Advanced-generation photovoltaic panels aim to exceed traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing state-of-the-art materials and pioneering techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on optimizing energy conversion, reducing costs, and expanding applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-structured solar cells are advanced photovoltaic modules that use several p-n connections layered in unison to absorb a more extensive spectrum of the solar spectrum, substantially enhancing their efficiency. They are primarily used in space applications and high-efficiency solar power systems due to their outstanding energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar panels are essential devices that generate solar radiation into electricity to power onboard systems. They are typically lightweight, robust, and crafted to function effectively in the harsh environment of space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are compounds composed of multiple elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metallic component, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer enhanced performance in applications such as laser devices, LEDs, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound semiconductor famous for its great electron mobility and efficiency in high-speed and optoelectronic applications. It is often used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV employ lenses or mirrors to direct sunlight onto superior efficiency multi-junction solar cells, substantially improving energy transformation efficiency. This approach is perfect for large capacity solar power plants in zones with sunny sunlight, providing a cost-effective approach for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Lightweight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its slim and bendable form factor. It offers a economical alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a thin film of CIGS compound as the light-absorbing layer, known for superior performance and flexibility. They offer a easy-to-handle, budget-friendly alternative to conventional silicon PV modules with excellent performance in diverse climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film describes a very thin layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in multiple technological fields. These films are important in electronic systems, optical systems, and coatings for their distinctive physical and chemical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Roof-mounted solar PV systems harness sunlight to generate electricity directly on building rooftops, providing a eco-friendly and cost-effective energy solution. They help reduce reliance on fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to environmental conservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A coating is a sheet of compound ranging from a few nanometers to several micrometers in thickness, often coated on surfaces for functional applications. These coatings are used in multiple sectors, including electronics industry, optics, and healthcare, to change surface traits or engineer certain device functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometers are measurement equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to depict extremely small distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are crucial in disciplines including nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nano level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Micrometers are precision devices used to exactly measure tiny gaps or widths, typically in machining and production. They feature a scaled screw system that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon slice is a fine, disk-shaped section of silicon crystal used as the substrate for producing semiconductor devices. It acts as the basic material in the production of microchips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | CIGS photovoltaic cells are flexible photovoltaic devices known for their excellent performance and adaptability, ideal for various uses. They employ a multilayer semiconductor structure that turns sunlight immediately into electrical energy with remarkable efficiency in low-light settings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon is a form of silicon used in solar panels, characterized by its many crystal grains that give it a mottled appearance. It is noted for being affordable and having a comparatively high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar power setups convert sun rays directly into electricity using photovoltaic cells, supplying a renewable energy source for home, commercial, and large-scale applications. They offer a eco-friendly, renewable, and affordable way to cut down reliance on fossil fuels and lower carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a photovoltaic device that converts sunlight into electricity using a light-sensitive dye to take in light and create electron flow. It offers a budget-friendly and flexible alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells, with possibility for see-through and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanoscale semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and conversion efficiency through quantum confinement effects. This technology offers the potential for cost-effective, adaptable, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are photoelectric devices that utilize carbon-based compounds, to turn sunlight into electrical power. They are compact, pliable, and provide cost-effective, broad solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS (Copper is a potential electronic compound used in laminate solar modules due to its earth-abundant and safe elements. Its superior photo-electronic properties make it an attractive alternative for eco-friendly photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics solar-integrated building systems seamlessly incorporate photovoltaic technology into the design of construction components, such as roofing, building exteriors, and glazing. This modern approach enhances energy efficiency while maintaining design elegance and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to penetrate a material with minimal distortion, allowing objects behind to be seen clearly. Translucency allows light to spread through, making detailed visibility obscured but still allowing shapes and light to penetrate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Vehicle and building window film application involves the process of applying a transparent film to the inside or outside of automobiles or edifices panes to reduce glare, heat, and UV radiation. It improves privacy, enhances energy efficiency, and adds a modern aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of photovoltaic power stations details various large-scale solar energy plants around the planet, showcasing their capacities and sites. These stations function a crucial role in green energy production and global efforts to reduce carbon pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Solar power facilities are massive systems that transform sunlight straight into electricity using photovoltaic panels. They play a vital role in clean energy production, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources, and cutting emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Eco concerns encompass a wide range of issues such as pollution, climatic shifts, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires joint initiatives to promote green approaches and protect natural ecosystems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are renewably sourced, such as solar radiation, wind, and hydroelectric power. It offers a eco-friendly alternative to traditional fuels, minimizing ecological footprint and supporting long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-renewable energy sources, such as bituminous coal, petroleum, and fossil gas, are limited reserves formed over extensive periods and are exhausted when used. They are the primary fuels for electrical energy and transportation but pose environmental and sustainability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Power production involves converting various energy sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable resources into electrical energy. This process typically occurs in electricity plants where rotating machinery and generators work together to produce power for distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are dense, toxic elements such as Pb, mercury, Cd, and arsenide that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar panel effectiveness assesses how effectively a solar cell converts sunlight into usable electrical energy. Improving this efficiency is crucial for optimizing renewable energy production and decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when radiation shining on a metal surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This phenomenon provided significant indication for the development of quantum mechanics by showing that photon energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Rapid life testing involves subjecting products to elevated stresses to rapidly assess their durability and predict their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and improve product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The increase of solar panels has accelerated rapidly over the past ten years, driven by innovations and decreasing costs. This development is revolutionizing the global energy landscape by increasing the portion of clean solar power in electricity generation processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar refers to large solar power installations designed to generate electricity on a business scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These projects typically cover extensive areas and utilize solar panels or solar thermal systems to produce renewable energy cost-effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optical element is a see-through instrument that refracts light to converge or spread out rays, creating images. It is often used in devices like cameras, glasses, and microscopes to manipulate light for better vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the angle between an approaching light ray and the normal line perpendicular to the surface at the contact point. It determines how light interacts with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a delicate film applied to vision surfaces to cut down on glare and increase light flow. It enhances the crispness and luminosity of screens by reducing undesirable reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in such a way that their amplitudes cancel each other out, leading to a diminution or full disappearance of the resultant waveform. This occurrence usually happens when these waves are out of phase by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current refers to an electric current that alternates direction, mainly utilized in power supply systems. Its voltage varies following a sine wave as time progresses, permitting efficient transmission across extensive ranges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A small inverter is a miniature entity used to convert direct current (DC) from a individual solar panel into AC suitable for household use. It enhances system efficiency by maximizing power output at the panel level and simplifies installation and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC electrical energy, or AC power, is electricity delivered through a network where the potential difference and electric current regularly reverse orientation, enabling optimized transmission over extended ranges. It is generally used in residences and commercial sectors to operate multiple appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC plug is a type of electrical plug used to supply direct current (DC) power from a power source to an electronic equipment. It typically consists of a tube-shaped plug and socket that guarantee a secure and dependable link for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | UL is a global security validation agency that tests and endorses products to ensure they adhere to particular safety requirements. It assists consumers and firms identify reliable and safe products through thorough review and testing methods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Serial circuits are electrical circuits in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current flow. In this setup, the same current passes through all elements, and the total voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electrical circuits where elements are connected between the same voltage source, offering multiple paths for current flow. This arrangement allows units to operate separately, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode acts as a electronic device that permits current to pass in a single sense only, acting as a single-direction valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An automobile auxiliary power outlet is a socket, typically 12 volt, designed to deliver electrical power for various devices and attachments inside a car. It permits users to power electronic gadgets or run small appliances while on the move. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a standard for connecting peripheral hardware to PCs, enabling data transfer and power supply. It supports a variety of hardware such as input devices, mouses, external storage, and mobile phones, with multiple revisions offering faster speeds and improved features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the ratio of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell turns into electrical energy. Enhancing this efficiency plays a key role in maximizing energy generation and making solar power affordable and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. DOE federal research facility dedicated to R&D in green energy and energy conservation technologies. It focuses on developments in solar power, wind power, bioenergy, and other sustainable energy sources to support a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses every kind of electromagnetic waves, extending from wireless signals to gamma rays, featuring different lengths and energies. This range is essential for numerous technological applications and natural events, enabling data exchange, medical imaging, and comprehension of the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X-rays, primarily generated by the solar radiation. It serves a important role in processes like vitamin D production but can also cause skin damage and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with extended wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color design based on variations of a individual hue, using different shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and connexion. This layout approach emphasizes minimalism and grace by maintaining uniform color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the intensity of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, typically measured in watts/m². It is a key parameter in disciplines including solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the intensity of sunlight reaching a specific surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a standard unit used to quantify the intensity of power or energy flow received or emitted over a particular surface, frequently in areas such as meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It aids in understanding the spread and transfer of radiation across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the span of various hues or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or otherwise. It is frequently used to depict the distribution of light or signal bandwidths in multiple scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An air mass is a large volume of air's with fairly even temperature and moisture properties, originating from specific origin zones. These air masses influence weather systems and sky situations as they pass through different zones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar irradiance is the measure of the energy per unit area received from the solar source in the type of electromagnetic radiation. It changes with solar phenomena and Earth's atmospheric conditions, affecting global climate and meteorological phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Soiling in solar energy refers to the collection of debris, and other particles on the panels of solar panels, which reduces their output. Regular cleaning and care are necessary to reduce energy waste and ensure optimal efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage obtainable from a power source when no current is flowing, measured across its terminals. It represents the potential difference of a device when it is disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current refers to the peak electrical current that passes through a circuit when a reduced resistance connection, or short circuit, occurs, skipping the normal load. It presents a major safety hazard and can result in damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a assessment of the maximum power capacity of a solar module under perfect sunlight conditions. It shows the panel's peak capacity to create electricity in standard testing environments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A voltmeter is an electrical instrument used to check the electrical potential between separate points in a electronic circuit. It is widely employed in various electrical and electronic applications to maintain proper electrical potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a occurrence in photovoltaic modules where high voltage stress causes a significant reduction in power generation and efficiency. It occurs due to leakage currents and ion movement within the photovoltaic materials, leading to performance decline over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is a metalloid element crucial for plant development and used in various industrial applications, including glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It possesses distinctive chemical properties that cause it valuable in producing durable, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring optimal tilt and orientation for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand external conditions while providing a stable and resilient foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar power plant captures sunlight using large groups of photovoltaic panels to create renewable electricity. It offers an green energy source, cutting down reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated approach of employing land for both solar energy output and agriculture, optimizing space and resources. This strategy boosts crop production while simultaneously generating renewable energy, fostering sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial photovoltaic cells are photovoltaic devices designed to harvest sunlight on both sides, boosting overall energy output. They are typically mounted in a way that allows for increased efficiency by taking advantage of albedo reflection and reflected rays from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A sun-powered canopy is a structure that provides cover while generating electricity through embedded solar panels. It is commonly installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to merge environmental benefits with functional design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a group of multiple photovoltaic modules arranged to create electricity from sunlight. It is often used in renewable energy systems to generate renewable, eco-friendly power for multiple applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio cover is a framework that offers shade and protection from the weather for exterior areas. It enhances the usability and visual charm of a patio, making it a comfortable zone for relaxation and entertainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the measurement between the vertical direction directly overhead and the line of sight to a astronomical body. It is employed in astronomy and meteorology to represent the position of bodies in the heavens relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The compass bearing is a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a reference heading, usually true north, to the line connecting an surveyor to a destination. It is frequently used in routing, land measurement, and astrophysics to define the orientation of an celestial body with respect to the observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as falls from heights and electrical shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to severe weather and potential bodily injuries pose significant Occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a electronic material widely used in thin-film solar panels due to its superior efficiency and cost-effectiveness. It exhibits excellent optical characteristics, making it a common option for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A catalog of photovoltaics companies showcases the leading manufacturers and suppliers focused on solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions across the globe. These companies play a crucial role in advancing solar energy implementation and innovation across multiple markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A GW is a quantity of electricity equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, used to assess large-scale power generation production and consumption. It is typically associated with generating stations, electricity networks, and significant energy initiatives worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar is a worldwide leader in photovoltaic (PV) power solutions, expert in producing thin film solar panels that provide excellent efficiency and low-cost power output. The organization is dedicated to green renewable energy advancement and reducing the global dependence on fossil fuels through advanced solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology focuses in effortlessly integrating various elements of factory and automation systems to improve efficiency and dependability. It concentrates on developing innovative solutions that promote seamless communication and compatibility among different technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic stands as a top China's corporation expert in the manufacturing and development of photovoltaic solar items and systems. Renowned for cutting-edge technology and green energy projects in the the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of power equal to 1,000,000,000 W, often used to describe the capacity of massively scaled electricity generation or usage. It underscores the vast energy extent involved in contemporary power framework and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Experience curve effects refer to the phenomenon where the production cost reduces as total output grows, due to gaining knowledge and optimization obtained over time. This effect highlights the significance of learned skills in cutting expenses and boosting output in industrial processes and other procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaic systems turn sunlight straight into electricity using semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This method is a clean, green energy source that aids reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the cost of creating solar or wind energy is equivalent to or lower than the expense of buying power from the power grid. Achieving grid parity signifies that green energy technologies are economically competitive with traditional fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity acts as the main electrical power supplied to homes and enterprises through a network of power lines, offering a consistent source of energy for various appliances. It typically operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the country, and is transmitted through alternating current (AC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) includes all parts of a solar power system except the photovoltaic panels, including inverters, racking, wiring, and supplementary electrical hardware. It is vital for ensuring the efficient and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Solar energy is captured from the solar radiation using photovoltaic panels to produce electricity or through thermal solar systems to produce heat. It represents a renewable, eco-friendly, and planet-friendly energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are widely utilized in residential, corporate, and industrial environments to create renewable, eco-friendly electricity from sunlight. They also supply remote and off-grid locations, delivering green energy solutions where conventional power grids are absent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A catalog of sun-powered goods features a selection of gadgets that harness sunlight to convert energy, encouraging eco-friendly and sustainable living. These solutions include everything from solar power banks and lights to home equipment and outdoor gear, offering versatile solutions for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A solar energy facility is a facility that generates sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels. It is a sustainable energy source that helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and limits greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with additional energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They optimize energy use by allocating renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and lowering overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics employ lenses or reflectors to focus sunlight onto advanced solar cells, considerably increasing energy capture from a smaller area. This technology works well where intense, direct sunlight and offers a promising approach to reducing solar power costs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
