| Solar panel | Solar panel serve as devices that change sunlight to electricity using PV cells. They are an eco-friendly and alternative energy source, minimizing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar heat collector is a apparatus that absorbs sunlight to produce heat, typically used for hot water production or space heating applications. It successfully converts solar energy into thermal energy, cutting down on reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Sun-powered thermal energy harnesses sunlight to generate heat, which can be used for water heating systems, space heating, or power generation. It is a sustainable and renewable technology that reduces dependence on fossil fuels and lowers GHG emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a picturesque seaside town in West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a enchanting blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic and historic-influenced nation in the UK known for its wealthy cultural legacy, famous sights, and vibrant cities like London. It boasts a varied landscape of rolling hills, old castles, and lively city hubs that mix heritage with modern innovation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Daylight is the natural light emitted by the star, essential for life on Earth as it offers energy for photosynthesis and affects climate and weather patterns. It also adds to our well-being by controlling our circadian rhythms and increasing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electricity is a kind of power due to the movement of charged particles, primarily electrons. It powers numerous systems and infrastructures, facilitating contemporary living and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts solar radiation directly into power using solar panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a sustainable energy source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a negative electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, playing a key role in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions affect the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | Direct current is the single-direction flow of electric charge, typically produced by battteries, electrical sources, and solar panels. It provides a steady voltage or current, causing it necessary for electronic devices and low voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A cell is a instrument that stores chemical energy and converts it into current to run various digital equipment. It consists of one or more electrochemical units, each containing anode and cathode divided by an electrolyte. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An photovoltaic system converts solar radiation immediately into electricity using solar panels made of solar cells. It is an green power option that reduces reliance on non-renewable energy sources and promotes sustainable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a instrument that transforms DC generated by solar panels into AC appropriate for home use and grid connection. It is essential for enhancing energy performance and ensuring safe, dependable electricity delivery from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that changes direction periodically, typically used in domestic and commercial power supplies. It permits efficient transmission of electricity over extended spans and is characterized by its voltage and current waveforms, typically sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge controller is a device that manages the voltage level and current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from excess charging and damage. It ensures efficient energy transfer and prolongs the lifespan of the battery bank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A survey tool is a tool used to measure the extent, quantity, or degree of something accurately. It includes tools like rulers, climate gauges, and pressure gauges that provide precise readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | An solar tracker is a system that instantaneously its orientation of solar panels to follow the sun's movement throughout the day, maximizing energy absorption. This innovation enhances the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining maximum sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar farms are massive installations that utilize sunlight to create electricity using many solar panels. They provide a green and sustainable energy source, cutting down reliance on carbon-based fuels and lowering pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Rooftop solar power involves setting up photovoltaic cells on roofs of buildings to generate electricity from sunlight. This green energy source helps cut down on reliance on non-renewable fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-integrated photovoltaic system changes sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a eco-friendly energy solution. It improves energy efficiency and decreases reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to take advantage of potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like fossil fuel combustion and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A space-based solar power system is an spacecraft equipped with photovoltaic panels that collect sunlight and transform into electrical energy. This electricity is then sent wirelessly to our planet for utilization as a sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems retain excess electricity generated from green sources or the grid for future use, boosting energy self-sufficiency and efficiency. These installations generally use batteries to offer backup power, cut down energy costs, and support grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of solar cells chronicles the development and innovations in solar power technology from the initial discovery of the photovoltaic effect to contemporary advanced photovoltaic modules. It highlights significant milestones, including the creation of the original silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and continuous advances that have significantly enhanced power transformation and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a French scientist renowned for his groundbreaking work in the study of the solar effect and luminescence. His experiments laid the foundation for understanding how radiation interacts with certain media to create electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a British electrical engineer and researcher known for discovering the photoconductivity of selenium in 1873. His research laid the foundation for the creation of the photoconductive cell and progress in initial photography and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an free platform used for automated testing of web browsers, enabling testers to simulate user interactions and test web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and browsers, making it a versatile tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization of light reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an US innovator who created the initial working selenium solar cell in 1883. His groundbreaking work set the basis for the current photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-powered power plant generates electricity by burning coal to produce steam that powers turbines connected to generators. This process releases considerable amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with identifying the solar cell and enhancing the understanding of semiconductor materials. His work formed the basis of modern solar power technology and the development of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a famous research and development organization long-standing associated with AT&T, known for leading innovations in telecommunications, computer science, and materials research. It has been the origin of many groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and number 14, well known for its essential role in the production of electronic components and solar panels. It is a tough, breakable crystal material with a bluish-gray metallic luster, mainly utilized as a electronic component in the technology sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A micro-inverter is a small unit installed on each photovoltaic panel to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) at the location. This method enhances system efficiency, allows for improved performance monitoring, and improves energy yield in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A photovoltaic cell is a device that turns sunlight directly into electricity through the solar energy process. It is frequently used in solar panels to provide a green and eco-friendly energy resource. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system transforms sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a sustainable energy technology that offers renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon serves as a basic particle representing a packet of light as well as other electromagnetic radiation, carrying energy and momentum and energy without having rest mass. It plays a crucial role in the connections between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena including reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The PV effect is the process by which specific substances turn sunlight immediately into electricity through the production of charge carriers. This phenomenon is the fundamental concept behind solar panel systems, allowing the harnessing of solar solar power for energy creation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electrical engineering is a slim slice of chip material, usually silicon, used as the base for manufacturing integrated circuits. It serves as the main platform where integrated circuits are built through processes like doping, etching, and lamination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used predominantly in the manufacturing of solar panels and electronic systems due to its outstanding semiconductor properties. Its organized, systematic crystal lattice enables effective electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their lightweight, flexible design, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a reduced expense. They use strata of semiconductor substances a few micrometers thick to transform sunlight into usable electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the constant forces exerted by the mass of construction parts and permanent equipment, while live loads are temporary forces such as users, furnishings, and external influences. Both are essential considerations in building planning to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits join components in a line, so the same current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits link components between the same voltage source, permitting various paths for current. These arrangements influence the circuit's total resistance, current distribution, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electric power refers to the velocity at which electric power flows by an electrical network, mainly utilized for powering devices and appliances. Created through multiple sources such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear, and sustainable sources, and fundamental for contemporary living. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A watt is a standard of energy conversion in the SI system, representing the rate of energy transfer or transformation. It is the same as one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electric pressure difference between two points, which causes the movement of electrical current in a circuit. It is measured in volts and represents the energy per unit charge ready to shift electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A voltage is the standard unit of electrical potential, potential difference, and voltage in the International System of Units. It measures the electric energy per unit charge between points in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric flow is the flow of electric charge through a conductor wire, commonly measured in amperes. It is crucial for energizing electronic equipment and facilitating the functioning of electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere represents the unit of electric flow in the SI units, represented by A. It quantifies the flow of electric charge through a circuit over a time span. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load indicates the quantity of electrical power or current demanded by equipment and electrical load in a circuit. It influences the design and power of power systems to ensure secure and cost-effective energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction enclosure is an electrical casing used to safely house wire connections, providing a core for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures organized and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to attach solar panels in a secure and trustworthy manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, providing durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power delivers a easy and uniform method of delivering electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is frequently used for charging and supplying a wide range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power inverter is a instrument that transforms direct current (DC) from inputs like accumulators or photovoltaic arrays into AC suitable for domestic gadgets. It permits the application of standard electrical devices in settings where only DC power is present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack is an collection of several individual batteries designed to store and supply electrical energy for various devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar panel tracking solutions automatically align the angle of solar panels to monitor the sun’s path throughout the day, maximizing power intake. This technology boosts the performance of photovoltaic energy harvesting by maintaining best panel orientation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a approach used to maximize the power generation of solar panel setups by regularly modifying the operating point to correspond to the optimal power point of the solar panels. This procedure guarantees the highest efficiency energy extraction, especially under differing environmental factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer functions as a device used in solar energy systems to boost energy output by individually tailored optimizing the performance of each solar panel. It improves overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A photovoltaic performance monitor is a device that tracks and analyzes the performance of solar panel systems in live, delivering useful data on energy generation and system condition. It helps maximize solar power generation by detecting problems early and securing highest efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are lightweight, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing thin layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a affordable and multi-functional alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in various portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a eco-friendly energy source. They are frequently used in solar panels to supply energy to homes, devices, and entire solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a compound composed of numerous minute silicon lattice structures, frequently used in solar panels and microchip production. Its manufacturing process involves liquefying and restructuring silicon to form a pure, polycrystalline form appropriate for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Mono silicon is a ultra-pure variant of silicon with a continuous lattice framework, making it very effective for use in photovoltaic modules and electronic devices. Its consistent framework allows for improved electron flow, resulting in superior functionality compared to alternative silicon forms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics constitute a category of thin-film solar method that presents a economical and efficient solution for massive solar energy harvesting. They are known as their excellent absorption efficiency and comparatively affordable manufacturing costs versus traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic devices are laminate photovoltaic devices that utilize a multi-layered material of copper, indium, Ga, and selenium to turn sunlight into energy efficiently. They are recognized for their great light capturing performance, flexibility, and potential for compact, economical solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Non-crystalline silicon is a amorphous atomic configuration, making it more adaptable and more straightforward to layer than ordered silicon. It is often used in photovoltaic thin films and electronic devices due to its economic advantage and flexible characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Third-generation photovoltaic modules aim to surpass traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing cutting-edge materials and innovative techniques such as stacked stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on maximizing energy conversion, reducing costs, and increasing applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-layered solar cells are advanced photovoltaic devices that utilize various p-n junctions stacked in tandem to capture a more extensive spectrum of the solar spectrum, substantially enhancing their efficiency. They are primarily applied in space satellites and advanced solar power installations due to their excellent energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar arrays are vital components that transform sunlight into electrical energy to power onboard equipment. They are typically lightweight, robust, and designed to operate efficiently in the extreme space conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are materials composed of several elements, typically involving a metal component and a non-metallic component, used in high-frequency electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as lasers, LEDs, and high-speed transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound-based semiconductor known for its excellent electron mobility and efficiency in high-speed and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics use optics or mirrors to focus sunlight onto very efficient multi-junction solar cells, substantially improving energy transformation efficiency. This approach is suitable for large capacity solar power plants in zones with clear sunlight, delivering a economical approach for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Flexible silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its lightweight and flexible form factor. It offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in solar building materials and portable power sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic cell utilize a thin film of CuInGaSe2 as the solar semiconductor, known for excellent energy conversion and bendability. They offer a lightweight, cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with reliable operation in various environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film describes a fine layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in various technological applications. These films are essential in electronic systems, optics, and coatings for their special physical and chemical features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Rooftop solar PV systems harness the sun's rays to generate electricity directly on rooftops of buildings, providing a eco-friendly and affordable energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to green initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A thin film is a stratum of material covering fractions of a nanometer to multiple micrometers in thickness, often placed on surfaces for functional applications. These films are used in various industries, including electronic devices, optical technologies, and medical applications, to change surface traits or develop particular device features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometric units are measurement equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, frequently used to describe minuscule distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are essential in areas such as nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nano level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are precision gauges used to accurately measure tiny gaps or depths, generally in manufacturing and fabrication. They feature a calibrated screw device that allows for precise readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon disc is a slender, disk-shaped slice of silicon crystal used as the substrate for constructing semiconductor devices. It functions as the foundational material in the creation of microchips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | CIGS photovoltaic cells are thin-film photovoltaic devices known for their superior output and adaptability, ideal for various uses. They use a layered semiconductor structure that converts sunlight directly into electrical energy with outstanding efficiency in low-light environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a kind of silicon used in solar cells, characterized by its many crystal grains that give it a mottled appearance. It is noted for being affordable and having a comparatively high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar power setups convert solar energy directly into power using PV cells, providing a renewable energy source for home, industrial, and grid applications. They deliver a environmentally friendly, renewable, and cost-effective way to decrease reliance on non-renewable energy sources and lower carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-activated solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that transforms sunlight into electrical energy using a photosensitive dye to take in light and create electron flow. It offers a affordable and flexible alternative to standard silicon-based solar cells, with possibility for transparent and portable applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanosized semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and conversion efficiency through quantum size effects. This technology offers the possibility for lower-cost, flexible, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic solar cells are photovoltaic units that employ carbon-based compounds, to turn sunlight into electricity. They are compact, pliable, and provide more affordable, extensive solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS (Copper is a promising photovoltaic material used in thin-film solar panels due to its earth-abundant and non-toxic elements. Its favorable optical-electronic properties make it an appealing substitute for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics integrated solar building solutions seamlessly incorporate solar power systems into the design of building materials, such as roof surfaces, facades, and glazing. This innovative approach enhances energy efficiency while maintaining aesthetic appeal and building integrity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to pass through a material with little distortion, rendering objects behind easily seen. Translucency permits light to diffuse through, making detailed visibility obscured but still allowing shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window tinting involves placing a thin film to the inside or outside of vehicle or building glazing to cut down on glare, heat, and UV rays. It boosts privacy, increases energy efficiency, and provides a sleek aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A list of photovoltaic power stations information various massive solar energy facilities around the globe, demonstrating their capacities and positions. These facilities function a crucial role in green energy production and international efforts to lower carbon releases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic energy plants are massive installations that convert sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. They play a vital role in renewable energy generation, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of issues such as waste, global warming, and tree clearing that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires joint initiatives to promote green approaches and protect biodiverse environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Green energy comes from natural sources that are constantly replenished, such as the sun, air currents, and hydroelectric power. It offers a sustainable alternative to non-renewable energy sources, decreasing environmental harm and supporting lasting energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-renewable energy sources, such as coal, oil, and methane, are finite resources formed over millions of years and are consumed when used. They are the primary power sources for electrical energy and mobility but pose environmental and sustainability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electrical energy creation involves converting various power sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear energy, and green energy into electrical energy. This process usually takes place in electricity plants where turbines, alternators, and generators work together to produce electric current for distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are compact, poisonous elements such as Pb, quicksilver, cadmium, and arsenide that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance measures how effectively a solar cell transforms sunlight into usable electrical energy. Boosting this Solar-cell efficiency is key for optimizing renewable energy generation and reducing reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when radiation shining on a metal ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle nature of light. This phenomenon provided key evidence for the development of quantum theory by showing that photon energy is quantized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Rapid life testing involves exposing products to increased stresses to quickly evaluate their durability and estimate their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and improve product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The increase of photovoltaics has accelerated rapidly over the past ten years, driven by innovations and decreasing costs. This expansion is revolutionizing the international energy scene by boosting the share of clean solar power in electricity generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar pertains to large solar power installations intended to generate electricity on a commercial scale, providing power directly to the grid. These sites typically cover extensive areas and utilize photovoltaic panels or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optical element is a clear instrument that refracts light to bring together or spread out rays, producing images. It is often used in devices like photographic devices, glasses, and microscopes to manipulate light for better vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the measure between an approaching light ray and the normal line perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact. It controls how light behaves with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a delicate film applied to lens surfaces to cut down on glare and enhance light passage. It enhances the sharpness and brightness of optical devices by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Destructive interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in a manner that their amplitude levels negate each other, leading to a reduction or full disappearance of the resultant waveform. This event usually happens when the waves are out of phase by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC refers to a type of electrical flow that changes polarity, commonly employed in power supply systems. The electrical potential changes following a sine wave over time, enabling effective conveyance over long distances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A individual inverter is a small device used to convert DC from a single solar module into AC suitable for household use. It boosts system efficiency by optimizing energy production at the module level and eases setup and service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | Alternating current power, or AC electrical energy, is electrical power delivered through a network where the voltage and electric current regularly reverse orientation, enabling efficient transmission over vast spans. It is commonly used in households and commercial sectors to operate multiple appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a type of electrical coupling used to supply DC energy from a power source to an electronic equipment. It generally consists of a round plug and receptacle that guarantee a reliable and dependable connection for various electronic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | UL is a global security validation organization that evaluates and certifies products to guarantee they meet certain security standards. It helps consumers and companies find reliable and protected products through rigorous evaluation and analysis processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series circuits are electronic networks in which components are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current. In this arrangement, the constant electric current passes through all elements, and the sum voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electrical circuits where parts are connected between the same voltage source, providing multiple channels for current flow. This configuration allows devices to operate autonomously, with the total current distributed among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode is a electronic device that allows current to flow in one direction only, acting as a unidirectional valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An automobile auxiliary power outlet is a socket, typically 12 volt, designed to deliver electrical energy for different devices and accessories within a car. It enables users to power electronic gadgets or run small devices when on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a standard for linking devices to PCs, enabling data transmission and electric power. It backs a wide range of devices such as input devices, mouses, external storage, and cell phones, with various generations offering increased speeds and improved performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency relates to the percentage of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts into usable energy. Boosting this efficiency plays a key role in maximizing energy production and making solar power economical and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy federal research facility dedicated to R&D in renewable energy and energy conservation technologies. It aims to advance innovations in solar power, wind, biomass energy, and other sustainable energy sources to enable a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses the entire range of electromagnetic waves, extending from wireless signals to gamma rays, all possessing varied wavelengths and energy levels. This band is essential for numerous technological applications and natural events, allowing data exchange, diagnostic imaging, and insight into the cosmos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | UV light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X ray radiation, primarily produced by the solar radiation. It plays a crucial role in processes like vitamin D synthesis but can also cause skin damage and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with extended wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color palette based on shades of a single hue, using diverse shades, tints, and tones to create balance and connexion. This composition approach emphasizes simplicity and grace by maintaining uniform color elements throughout a design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the power of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, generally measured in watts per sq meter. It is a key parameter in areas like solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, indicating the strength of sunlight hitting a given area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a standard unit used to quantify the strength of radiation or power received or emitted over a specific area, often in fields like meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It aids in comprehending the spread and transfer of radiation across regions, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the extent of diverse colors or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or otherwise. It is frequently used to describe the dispersion of light or signal frequencies in various scientific and technological contexts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a big body of air's with fairly consistent temperature and moisture characteristics, coming from from particular source zones. These air masses impact weather systems and sky conditions as they move across diverse zones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar power is the measure of the energy per unit area received from the solar source in the form of solar rays. It fluctuates with solar cycles and Earth's weather systems, affecting global climate and weather patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in solar power refers to the buildup of debris, and impurities on the exterior of solar panels, which reduces their efficiency. Routine maintenance and servicing are important to minimize energy waste and guarantee best operation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage obtainable from a power source when there is no current, taken across its terminals. It shows the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current represents the peak electrical current that flows through a circuit when a short connection, or short circuit, happens, bypassing the normal load. It poses a significant safety hazard and can result in damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a assessment of the highest power capacity of a solar module under ideal sunlight conditions. It reflects the array's peak potential to generate electricity in conventional testing environments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an measuring tool used to check the electrical potential between two locations in a electronic circuit. It is commonly used in various electrical and electronic applications to verify proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a phenomenon in PV modules where high voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in energy production and performance. It occurs due to leakage currents and ion transfer within the solar cell components, leading to performance decline over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is a metalloid chemical element essential for plant development and used in multiple industrial uses, like glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It has special chemical properties that render it valuable in creating robust, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring perfect tilt and orientation for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a stable and resilient foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A sun-powered power plant harnesses sunlight using extensive arrays of photovoltaic modules to create renewable electricity. It supplies an green energy source, cutting down reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated method of utilizing land for both solar energy generation and cultivation, maximizing space and resources. This approach enhances crop production while at the same time producing renewable energy, fostering sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial photovoltaic cells are solar energy devices designed to harvest sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, boosting overall energy production. They are usually installed in a way that improves effectiveness by utilizing albedo mirroring and reflected sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar canopy is a framework that provides shelter while generating electricity through embedded solar panels. It is frequently installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to combine environmental benefits with functional design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel system is a assembly of multiple photovoltaic modules designed to generate electricity from sunlight. It is often used in sustainable power systems to generate clean, renewable power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A outdoor cover is a structure that delivers shade and cover from the weather for al fresco areas. It boosts the practicality and aesthetic appeal of a patio, making it a comfortable zone for relaxation and gatherings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the angle between the vertical direction directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is employed in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of bodies in the heavens relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The azimuth angle is a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a reference heading, usually true north, to the line linking an viewer to a target object. It is commonly used in navigation, mapping, and astrophysics to indicate the bearing of an target with respect to the observer's position. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as height falls and electrical shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to severe weather and potential bodily injuries pose significant occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a semiconductor material extensively utilized in thin-film solar cells due to its high efficiency and affordability. It exhibits outstanding optical features, making it a popular option for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An catalog of photovoltaics companies showcases the leading manufacturers and suppliers specializing in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies are key in promoting solar energy integration and advancement across various markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a measure of energy output equal to a billion watt, used to quantify big electricity generation and usage. It is commonly associated with generating stations, power grids, and large-scale energy initiatives worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar is a worldwide leader in photovoltaic (PV) energy solutions, expert in producing thin film-based solar modules that offer excellent efficiency and affordable power generation. The company is committed to green energy development and decreasing the world's reliance on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology expertise in effortlessly integrating various components of industrial and automation systems to improve productivity and reliability. It aims on building advanced solutions that promote smooth communication and compatibility among diverse tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is a prominent China's firm specializing in manufacturing and innovating photovoltaic photovoltaic items and systems. It is known for its advanced technology and eco-friendly energy programs within renewables industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of energy equal to one billion W, often employed to describe the capacity of massively scaled electricity generation or usage. It highlights the huge energy magnitude involved in current power infrastructure and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Knowledge curve effects refer to the effect where the cost per unit of production drops as cumulative output grows, due to learning and efficiencies achieved over time. This phenomenon highlights the importance of stored knowledge in cutting expenses and improving productivity in manufacturing and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics convert sunlight immediately into electricity through semiconductor materials, primarily silicon. This technology is a pure, sustainable energy source that helps cut down reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the price of generating solar or wind energy becomes equivalent to or less than the expense of purchasing power from the power grid. Achieving Grid parity indicates that sustainable energy sources are cost-effectively comparable with fossil fuel-based coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity acts as the standard electrical power supplied to residences and companies through a grid of power lines, providing a dependable source of energy for numerous appliances. It usually operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, depending on the nation, and is delivered through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all parts of a solar power system except the photovoltaic panels, including inverters, racking, wiring, and other electrical hardware. It is crucial for ensuring the efficient and dependable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Sunlight is absorbed from the sun's rays using PV panels to generate electricity or through solar thermal systems to provide warmth. It is a green, eco-friendly, and planet-friendly power supply that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are commonly employed in residential, business, and industrial settings to produce renewable, eco-friendly electricity from sunlight. They also supply remote and off-grid locations, delivering sustainable energy solutions where traditional power grids are unavailable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A list of solar-powered products features a selection of tools that utilize sunlight to produce energy, promoting environmentally friendly and sustainable living. These solutions include everything from solar power banks and lights to household devices and outdoor gear, offering versatile options for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A photovoltaic power station is a facility that converts sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels. It is a sustainable energy source that helps reduce reliance on non-renewable energy and limits greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems integrate solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to deliver a reliable and efficient power supply. They maximize energy use by balancing renewable resources and backup options, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV utilize optical lenses plus mirrors focusing solar radiation on high-performance photovoltaic cells, significantly increasing energy capture from less space. This approach works well where direct, strong sunlight and provides a promising approach to reducing the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
