| Solar panel | Photovoltaic module serve as components that change sunlight to electricity using PV cells. They are an green and sustainable energy source, reducing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar energy collector is a system that absorbs sunlight to generate heat, typically used for hot water production or space heating applications. It efficiently converts solar energy into thermal energy, reducing reliance on standard energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar thermal energy harnesses sunlight to generate heat, which can be used for hot water production, space warming, or power generation. It is a renewable and eco-friendly technology that reduces dependence on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in the county of West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a enchanting blend of golden sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic country in the United Kingdom known for its wealthy cultural legacy, iconic landmarks, and lively urban areas like London. It boasts a diverse terrain of gentle slopes, historic forts, and bustling urban centers that combine heritage with modern developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Solar light is the organic radiance emitted by the sun, vital for living organisms on Earth as it provides power for photosynthesis and shapes climate and weather patterns. It also plays a role to our well-being by controlling our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electrical power is a type of power due to the movement of ions, primarily negatively charged particles. It drives countless devices and infrastructures, supporting modern life and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into power using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a renewable energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are subatomic particles with a reversed electric charge that surround the nucleus of an atom, playing a key role in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions determine the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the one-way flow of electric charge, generally produced by battteries, power supplies, and photovoltaic cells. It provides a constant voltage or current, causing it necessary for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A power source is a instrument that holds chemical energy and changes it into electrical energy to power various electronic devices. It includes one or more galvanic units, each containing positive and negative electrodes divided by an ionic solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A solar power system converts solar radiation directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is an environmentally friendly energy option that reduces reliance on non-renewable energy sources and supports sustainable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a instrument that changes DC produced by solar panels into alternating current (AC) appropriate for household use and grid connection. It is essential for optimizing energy use and providing reliable, reliable energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that flips direction regularly, typically used in home and commercial power supplies. It enables efficient transmission of electricity over long distances and is marked by its voltage and current waveforms, typically sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge regulator is a device that manages the voltage level and electric current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from overcharging and harm. It provides optimal energy flow and prolongs the lifespan of the battery array. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measuring instrument is a instrument used to determine the extent, volume, or degree of something accurately. It includes instruments like meters, climate gauges, and barometers that provide exact readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a system that instantaneously the orientation of solar panels to follow the sun's movement across the day, enhancing energy absorption. This innovation enhances the efficiency of solar power systems by ensuring optimal sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Photovoltaic installations are massive plants that harness sunlight to create electricity using numerous solar panels. They offer a green and renewable energy source, reducing reliance on carbon-based fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Rooftop solar power involves placing photovoltaic solar panels on building rooftops to create electricity from sunlight. This renewable energy source helps minimize reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-connected solar power system changes sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a renewable energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and decreases reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to benefit from potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, CH4, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like fossil fuel combustion and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar satellite is an spacecraft equipped with solar panels that collect sunlight and transform into electrical energy. This energy is then sent wirelessly to Earth for utilization as a sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home power storage systems save excess power generated from renewable energy or the grid for future use, enhancing energy self-sufficiency and effectiveness. These installations commonly employ batteries to provide backup energy, lower energy expenses, and assist grid stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of solar panels tracks the progress and improvements in solar energy technology from the initial finding of the solar effect to current high-performance solar arrays. It highlights key breakthroughs, including the creation of the first silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and ongoing advances that have greatly boosted energy conversion and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a French scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of the photoelectric effect and luminescence. His research laid the groundwork for grasping how radiation interacts with specific substances to create electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a British electrical engineer and scientist known for discovering the photoconductivity of selenium in 1873. His research laid the foundation for the creation of the photoconductive cell and advancements in initial photography and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an free framework used for automated testing of web browsers, allowing testers to simulate user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and browsers, making it a versatile tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of light reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was a an US inventor who created the initial working selenium solar cell in 1883. His innovative work set the foundation for the modern photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-powered power plant generates electricity by combusting coal to produce vapor that powers turbines connected to generators. This process releases considerable amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with finding the solar cell and enhancing the understanding of semiconductors. His work formed the basis of modern photovoltaic technology and the creation of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a famous R&D entity historically associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in communications, computing, and materials science. It has been the source of countless groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a element with the symbol Si and 14, famous for its key role in the manufacturing of electronics and solar cells. It is a hard, breakable solid solid with a steel-gray metallic luster, mainly utilized as a semiconductor in the electronic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A small inverter is a little component installed on each solar panel to transform direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) locally. This approach improves system performance, allows for improved system tracking, and improves power output in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar module is a device that turns sunlight immediately into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It is commonly used in solar arrays to supply a renewable and eco-friendly energy resource. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a sustainable energy technology that delivers sustainable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon serves as a fundamental particle that represents a quantum of light plus other electromagnetic radiation, carrying with it energy and momentum without having rest mass. It plays a important role in the interactions between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena like reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The PV effect is the phenomenon by which specific substances convert sunlight straight into electricity through the generation of electron-hole pairs. This effect is the fundamental principle behind photovoltaic technology, allowing the utilization of solar sunlight for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electronics is a slim slice of semiconductor material, usually silicon, used as the foundation for fabricating integrated circuits. It serves as the primary platform where integrated circuits are built through methods like doping, etching, and lamination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used primarily in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and electronic devices due to its superb semiconductor properties. Its regular, neat crystal lattice enables optimal electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin-film photovoltaic devices are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their light, pliable configuration, and capacity for large-area manufacturing at a lower cost. They use strata of semiconductor substances just several micrometers in thickness to transform sunlight into usable electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the mass of building components and stationary equipment, while live loads are temporary forces such as people, furniture, and external influences. Both are important considerations in engineering design to ensure safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits join components sequentially, so the identical current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits join components across the identical voltage source, permitting multiple paths for current. These layouts influence the circuit's total resistance, current distribution, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification represents the speed at which electricity is conveyed by an electrical network, mainly utilized for powering devices and appliances. It is generated through diverse origins such as fossil fuels, nuclear, and sustainable sources, and fundamental for modern life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A unit of power is a unit of power in the International System of Units, representing the rate of energy transfer or transformation. It is equivalent to one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electrical voltage difference between two points, which causes the movement of electric current in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) and represents the power per unit charge ready to move electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A voltage is the standard unit of voltage, electric potential difference, and EMF in the SI system. It measures the electric energy per charge unit between two points in an electrical circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the passage of electricity through a metal wire, typically measured in amperes. It is crucial for powering electronic equipment and enabling the operation of electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere is the unit of electrical flow in the International System of Units, symbolized as A. It quantifies the movement of electric charge through a wire over a duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the quantity of electrical power or current demanded by appliances and Electrical load in a circuit. It determines the configuration and capacity of power systems to ensure secure and optimized energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A electrical box is an electrical casing used to securely contain wire connections, providing a central point for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures structured and secure connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 plug is a uniform photovoltaic connector used to attach solar panels in a safe and trustworthy manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power offers a convenient and uniform method of providing electrical energy to devices through standard ports. It is frequently used for powering and energizing a broad range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power inverter is a instrument that converts direct current (DC) from inputs like accumulators or photovoltaic arrays into alternating current (AC) suitable for home devices. It allows the use of common electrical appliances in locations where only direct current electricity is available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack is an collection of numerous individual batteries designed to store and supply electrical energy for various devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar tracking systems automatically adjust the orientation of solar modules to track the sun movement throughout the daytime, maximizing energy absorption. This technology increases the efficiency of solar energy collection by ensuring optimal panel orientation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to maximize the power generation of photovoltaic systems by regularly modifying the working point to correspond to the optimal power point of the solar cells. This methodology provides the most efficient energy harvesting, especially under varying environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer serves as a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by separately enhancing the performance of each solar panel. It enhances overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a tool that tracks and analyzes the efficiency of solar panel systems in real-time, providing useful data on energy production and system health. It helps enhance solar energy output by identifying problems promptly and ensuring highest output. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are flexible, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing thin layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a economical and multi-functional alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in various portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert sun rays directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a sustainable energy source. They are commonly used in solar arrays to supply energy to homes, devices, and full solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a substance composed of numerous minute silicon crystal structures, frequently used in photovoltaic panels and semiconductor manufacturing. Its creation involves liquefying and recrystallizing silicon to form a pure, polycrystalline type fit for electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Monocrystalline silicon is a premium type of silicon with a continuous crystal structure, making it very effective for use in solar cells and electronic devices. Its homogeneous framework allows for improved electron flow, resulting in superior efficiency compared to other silicon types. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics represent a kind of film solar method that presents a cost-effective and efficient option for massive solar energy production. They are recognized for their great absorption efficiency and comparatively affordable manufacturing expenses compared to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic devices are laminate photovoltaic cells that employ a composite compound of Cu, indium, gallium, and Se to turn sunlight into power efficiently. They are known for their great absorption efficiency, flexibility, and possibility for compact, affordable solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Non-crystalline silicon is a disordered molecular arrangement, making it more adaptable and more straightforward to layer than structured silicon. It is frequently used in photovoltaic thin films and electronic components due to its affordability and flexible properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Advanced-generation photovoltaic modules aim to outperform traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and new techniques such as stacked stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on enhancing energy conversion, reducing costs, and broadening applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-layered solar cells are cutting-edge photovoltaic modules that employ multiple p-n connections arranged together to capture a broader spectrum of the solar spectrum, significantly enhancing their efficiency. These are mostly applied in space satellites and advanced solar power installations due to their superior energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar panels are vital components that transform sunlight into electric power to operate onboard equipment. Generally lightweight, durable, and built for efficient operation in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are compounds composed of two or more elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metal, used in high-frequency electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as lasers, LEDs, and high-speed transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound semiconductor recognized for its excellent electron mobility and effectiveness in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is commonly used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics employ optics or mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto highly efficient multi-band solar cells, substantially improving energy conversion efficiency. This technology is ideal for massive solar power plants in zones with clear sunlight, offering a affordable option for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Flexible silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its compact and bendable form factor. It offers a affordable alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in building-integrated photovoltaics and mobile energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS solar cell utilize a thin film of CIGS compound as the photovoltaic material, known for superior performance and bendability. They offer a portable, economical alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with reliable operation in diverse climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film is a term for a fine layer of material, often measured in nm or micrometers, used in diverse technological fields. These films are essential in electronic devices, optics, and coatings for their unique physical and chemical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Roof-mounted solar PV systems harness sunlight to generate electricity directly on building rooftops, providing a eco-friendly and cost-effective energy solution. They help reduce reliance on fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to green initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A coating is a layer of material covering fractions of a nanometer to several micrometers in dimension, often applied to surfaces for functional purposes. These layers are used in various industries, including electronic devices, light manipulation, and medical applications, to modify surface characteristics or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometric units are measurement equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, frequently used to depict very tiny distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are important in disciplines including nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for measuring structures and particles at the nanoscale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are precision gauges used to accurately measure tiny gaps or widths, commonly in machining and manufacturing. They feature a adjusted screw mechanism that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon disc is a slender, round piece of silicon crystal used as the substrate for producing semiconductor devices. It acts as the basic material in the manufacture of microchips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide-based solar panels are flexible solar modules known for their superior output and bendability, making them suitable for various uses. They use a multilayer semiconductor structure that converts sunlight immediately into electricity with outstanding performance in low-light conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a type of silicon used in solar panels, characterized by its multiple crystal grains that give it a mottled appearance. It is noted for being cost-effective and having a relatively high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar power setups convert sun rays directly into energy using PV cells, offering a green energy source for home, industrial, and large-scale applications. They provide a clean, renewable, and cost-effective way to reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources and lower greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-activated solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that converts sunlight into power using a photosensitive dye to take in light and produce electron flow. It offers a budget-friendly and flexible alternative to standard silicon-based solar cells, with possibility for see-through and portable applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanoscale semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and conversion efficiency through quantum size effects. This technology offers the possibility for cost-effective, flexible, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are photoelectric devices that employ carbon-based compounds, to convert solar radiation into electricity. They are easy to handle, pliable, and enable more affordable, extensive solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a promising semiconductor substance used in layer solar modules due to its abundant and non-toxic elements. Its excellent optical-electronic properties make it an appealing option for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics integrated solar building solutions seamlessly incorporate solar power systems into the design of building materials, such as roofing, outer walls, and fenestration. This cutting-edge approach enhances power savings while maintaining visual attractiveness and structural performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to pass through a material with little distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency allows light to diffuse through, hiding detailed view but still allowing shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves the process of applying a light film to the interior or exterior of vehicle or building panes to cut down on glare, heat, and UV rays. It improves privacy, increases energy efficiency, and gives a sleek aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A list of solar power stations overview various massive solar energy installations around the globe, showcasing their capacities and positions. These stations serve a vital role in sustainable energy production and international efforts to cut carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic energy plants are extensive installations that transform sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. They are crucial in sustainable power creation, cutting dependence on coal and oil, and reducing carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of challenges such as pollution, climatic shifts, and forest loss that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collaborative action to promote green approaches and protect wild habitats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Sustainable power comes from environmentally friendly sources that are renewably sourced, such as the sun, air currents, and hydropower. It offers a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, minimizing ecological footprint and promoting long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as bituminous coal, oil, and natural gas, are limited reserves formed over extensive periods and are depleted when used. They are the chief fuels for electricity generation and vehicle operation but pose environmental and renewability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electricity generation involves converting various energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear energy, and renewable resources into electricity. This process typically occurs in electricity plants where rotating machinery and generators work together to produce electric current for grid delivery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, toxic elements such as lead, mercury, metallic cadmium, and arsenic that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar panel effectiveness measures how well a solar cell generates sunlight into convertible electricity. Enhancing this efficiency is key for optimizing renewable energy output and decreasing reliance on coal and oil. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when radiation shining on a metallic surface ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This event provided significant indication for the development of quantum theory by showing that light energy is quantized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Enhanced life testing involves exposing products to increased stresses to quickly evaluate their durability and predict their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and improve product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The expansion of solar panels has sped up rapidly over the past ten-year period, driven by technological progress and decreasing costs. This growth is changing the international energy scene by increasing the share of sustainable solar power in power production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power facilities built to generate electricity on a industrial scale, providing power directly to the grid. These projects typically cover large areas and utilize PV modules or thermal solar systems to produce renewable energy cost-effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optic is a see-through instrument that refracts light to converge or spread out rays, producing images. It is often used in equipment like camera units, glasses, and microscopes to control light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the measure between an approaching light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the point of contact. It determines how light interacts with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a coating applied to lens surfaces to cut down on glare and improve light transmission. It boosts the clarity and illumination of lenses by reducing undesirable reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in a manner that that their amplitudes counteract each other, leading to a diminution or full disappearance of the combined wave. This occurrence usually happens when these waves are not in phase by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current refers to a type of electrical flow that periodically reverses, commonly employed in electrical distribution networks. The electrical potential changes following a sine wave over time, allowing effective conveyance across extensive ranges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A compact inverter is a miniature entity used to convert direct current (DC) from a individual solar panel into AC suitable for home applications. It enhances system efficiency by enhancing energy production at the module level and streamlines setup and maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC electrical energy, or AC electrical energy, is electrical energy delivered through a system where the potential difference and electric current regularly reverse orientation, enabling efficient transmission over vast spans. It is commonly used in residences and industries to operate multiple appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a kind of electrical plug used to provide DC power from a power source to an electronic equipment. It typically consists of a cylindrical plug and receptacle that provide a firm and consistent link for various electronic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | UL is a worldwide protection certification body that assesses and endorses products to guarantee they adhere to specific security standards. It helps consumers and companies recognize dependable and protected products through strict assessment and testing procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Serial circuits are electronic circuits in which parts are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current flow. In this setup, the same electric current passes through all parts, and the sum voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electronic circuits where parts are connected between the same voltage source, giving multiple paths for current flow. This setup allows components to operate autonomously, with the total current split among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode acts as a solid-state device that allows current to pass in a single direction only, acting as a single-direction valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electrical networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An vehicle auxiliary power outlet is a port, typically 12-volt, intended to provide electrical power for multiple devices and accessories inside of a vehicle. It enables users to charge electronic electronics or run small devices while on the move. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a protocol for connecting peripheral devices to PCs, facilitating data transmission and power delivery. It supports a wide range of peripherals such as keyboards, mice, external storage devices, and smartphones, with different generations delivering higher speeds and enhanced functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the percentage of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts into generated energy. Enhancing this efficiency plays a key role in increasing energy generation and making solar power affordable and sustainable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. DOE national laboratory dedicated to R&D in renewable energy and energy conservation technologies. It is committed to advancing developments in solar power, wind power, biomass energy, and other sustainable energy sources to promote a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all types of electromagnetic waves, extending from wireless signals to gamma rays, all possessing diverse wavelengths and energy levels. This range is essential for numerous technological applications and natural events, allowing data exchange, healthcare imaging, and understanding of the cosmos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a form of EM radiation with a wavelength shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X-rays, primarily generated by the solar radiation. It has a important role in processes like vitamin D synthesis but can also lead to skin harm and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Uniform color refers to a color scheme based on alterations of a individual hue, using diverse shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and connexion. This layout approach emphasizes simplicity and elegance by maintaining uniform color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, generally measured in watts/m². It is a crucial parameter in fields such as solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the intensity of sunlight reaching a specific surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a unit of measurement used to quantify the magnitude of energy or power received or emitted over a particular surface, frequently in fields like meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It aids in comprehending the spread and conveyance of radiation across regions, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the span of diverse tones or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or alternatively. It is often used to depict the distribution of light or signal bandwidths in different scientific and technological contexts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An air mass is a large volume of air's with relatively uniform temperature and dampness features, coming from from particular origin areas. These air masses impact climate trends and sky conditions as they travel over various areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar power is the quantification of the power per square kilometer received from the Sun in the type of electromagnetic radiation. It varies with solar phenomena and Earth's atmospheric conditions, affecting global climate and weather patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Dirt buildup in solar energy refers to the buildup of dust, and impurities on the exterior of solar arrays, which reduces their performance. Consistent upkeep and maintenance are important to reduce energy decrease and ensure best performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage obtainable from a power source when no current is flowing, spanning its terminals. It shows the potential difference of a device when it is disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current represents the highest electrical current that travels through a circuit when a low-resistance connection, or short circuit, happens, going around the normal load. It poses a considerable safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (W_peak) is a assessment of the maximum power capacity of a solar array under perfect sunlight conditions. It reflects the array's peak ability to create electricity in standard testing environments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A electrical potential meter is an electronic device used to determine the potential difference between two locations in a electrical system. It is widely employed in numerous electrical and electronic setups to maintain proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a issue in photovoltaic modules where elevated voltage stress causes a notable reduction in power generation and performance. It occurs due to current leakage and ion transfer within the photovoltaic materials, leading to performance deterioration over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is a metalloid element crucial for plant growth and employed in multiple industrial uses, like glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It has distinctive chemical properties that cause it beneficial in producing long-lasting, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring optimal tilt and orientation for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a stable and long-lasting foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar-powered power plant collects sunlight using large arrays of photovoltaic solar panels to produce renewable electricity. It supplies an eco-friendly energy source, diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the combined method of using land for both solar energy output and farming, maximizing space and resources. This approach enhances crop production while at the same time creating renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar cells are solar panels designed to harvest sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, improving overall energy generation. They are usually installed in a way that allows for increased efficiency by utilizing albedo effect and bounced sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a framework that provides shelter while creating electricity through integrated solar panels. It is frequently installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with useful design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel system is a group of numerous solar panels configured to generate electricity from sunlight. It is often used in renewable energy systems to generate renewable, renewable power for multiple applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A outdoor cover is a construction that delivers shade and cover from the elements for al fresco areas. It enhances the practicality and aesthetic appeal of a courtyard, making it a comfortable space for relaxation and entertainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the angle between the upright line directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is used in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of bodies in the heavens relative to an observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a horizontal angle measured clockwise a reference direction, typically true north, to the line between an observer to a point of interest. It is frequently used in navigation, land measurement, and astronomy to define the direction of an target with respect to the observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as height falls and electrical shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to severe weather and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a semiconductor substance widely used in thin-film solar cells due to its excellent performance and cost efficiency. It exhibits outstanding optical features, making it a preferred option for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An list of photovoltaics companies showcases the top manufacturers and suppliers specializing in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions globally. These companies are key in promoting solar energy implementation and advancement across multiple markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A GW is a measure of energy output equal to a billion watts, used to quantify big electricity generation and usage. It is typically associated with generating stations, electricity networks, and significant energy initiatives worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | The company First Solar is a international leader in solar energy solutions, expert in producing thin-film solar cells that offer excellent efficiency and economical power generation. The company is focused on green energy development and decreasing the global dependence on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology focuses in smoothly connecting various parts of factory and automated systems to boost productivity and trustworthiness. It aims on building innovative solutions that enable efficient communication and interoperability among various tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is a top Chinese corporation specializing in manufacturing and innovating solar-powered photovoltaic goods and services. It is known for cutting-edge technology and green energy projects in the renewables industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of power equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, often used to represent the capacity of massive power production or consumption. It underscores the vast power extent involved in current energy framework and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Experience curve effects refer to the effect where the production cost drops as cumulative output grows, due to gaining knowledge and improvements obtained over time. This concept highlights the importance of stored knowledge in lowering costs and improving productivity in manufacturing and other procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics convert sunlight directly into electricity through semiconductor elements, primarily silicon. This technology is a environmentally friendly, renewable energy source that helps cut down reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the cost of generating solar or wind energy becomes equivalent to or less than the expense of buying power from the power grid. Achieving Grid parity signifies that sustainable energy sources are economically competitive with fossil fuel-based fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity is the primary electrical power supplied to homes and businesses through a grid of power lines, offering a dependable source of energy for numerous appliances. It generally operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, based on the country, and is delivered through AC power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) refers to all components of a solar power system excluding the photovoltaic panels, comprising inverters, racking, wiring, and additional electrical hardware. It is essential for ensuring the efficient and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | The sun's power is captured from the solar radiation using photovoltaic panels to generate electricity or through solar thermal systems to provide warmth. It is a sustainable, eco-friendly, and environmentally friendly energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are commonly employed in home, commercial, and factory environments to generate renewable, eco-friendly electricity from sunlight. They also supply remote and off-grid locations, offering sustainable energy solutions where conventional power grids are unavailable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A list of solar energy goods features a range of tools that capture sunlight to generate energy, promoting eco-friendly and renewable living. These items include everything from solar chargers and lights to household devices and outdoor tools, delivering flexible options for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A solar power plant is a facility that transforms sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels. It is a sustainable energy source that helps reduce reliance on non-renewable energy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems merge solar panels with alternative energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They optimize energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV employ lenses and mirrors to focus solar radiation on advanced solar cells, significantly enhancing power output from a compact footprint. This technology works well in areas with intense, direct sunlight and provides a promising approach to lowering solar power costs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
