| Solar panel | Solar panel act as instruments that convert sunlight into electricity using PV cells. These are an green and renewable energy source, minimizing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar energy collector is a apparatus that collects sunlight to produce heat, usually used for hot water production or space heating applications. It successfully converts solar energy into thermal energy, decreasing reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar heat harnesses sun rays to generate thermal energy, which can be used for water heating, indoor heating, or power generation. It is a renewable and renewable technology that reduces fossil fuel consumption and lowers carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a picturesque seaside town in West Sussex County, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a delightful blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic country in the United Kingdom known for its abundant cultural legacy, notable attractions, and vibrant cities like London. It boasts a diverse terrain of rolling hills, old castles, and bustling urban centers that blend heritage with modern developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Sunlight is the environmental illumination emitted by the sun, vital for existence on Earth as it offers fuel for photosynthesis and affects climate and weather patterns. It also adds to our well-being by synchronizing our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electromagnetic energy is a type of energy generated by the flow of ions, primarily negatively charged particles. It fuels countless appliances and networks, enabling contemporary living and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts solar radiation directly into power using solar panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a renewable energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a negative electric charge that circulate around the nucleus of an atom, crucial in in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions affect the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the unidirectional movement of electric charge, typically produced by battteries, power supplies, and photovoltaic cells. It provides a steady voltage or current, rendering it crucial for electronic devices and low voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A battery is a instrument that stores chemical energy and converts it into current to run various electronic devices. It comprises multiple electrochemical cells, each comprising electrode pairs divided by an electrolytic substance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An solar power system converts sunlight immediately into power using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is an eco-friendly power solution that reduces reliance on non-renewable energy sources and supports sustainable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar inverter is a device that converts direct current (DC) produced by solar panels into AC suitable for home use and grid integration. It is essential for optimizing energy use and guaranteeing safe, dependable power output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that reverses direction periodically, generally used in home and industrial power supplies. It allows for effective transmission of electricity over great lengths and is defined by its voltage and current waveforms, usually sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge regulator is a device that manages the voltage level and current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from excess charging and damage. It provides efficient energy transfer and extends the lifespan of the battery bank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measurement device is a instrument used to determine the dimension, volume, or degree of something accurately. It includes gadgets like meters, temperature sensors, and manometers that provide precise readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a mechanism that instantaneously its orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun's movement across the day, increasing energy absorption. This system boosts the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining maximum sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar power plants are large-scale facilities that harness sunlight to produce electricity using a multitude of solar panels. They offer a sustainable and renewable energy resource, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Roof-mounted solar energy involves setting up photovoltaic panels on building rooftops to generate electricity from sunlight. This green energy source helps reduce reliance on non-renewable fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-tied solar energy setup converts sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a renewable energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and cuts down reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to take advantage of potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar satellite is an artificial satellite equipped with solar arrays that collect sunlight and convert it into electricity. This power is then beamed to the planet's surface for application as an eco-friendly power supply. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems retain excess energy generated from renewable sources or the power grid for future use, enhancing energy self-sufficiency and effectiveness. These installations commonly employ batteries to offer backup energy, cut down energy costs, and assist grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The chronology of solar cells documents the advancement and improvements in photovoltaic tech from the beginning invention of the photovoltaic effect to modern high-efficiency photovoltaic modules. It highlights significant breakthroughs, including the invention of the original silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and continuous developments that have greatly improved power conversion and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a French physicist by profession noted for his groundbreaking work in the study of the solar effect and luminescence. His research laid the groundwork for grasping how illumination interacts with particular substances to create electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a UK electrician and scientist known for finding out the photoconductivity of Se in 1873. His work formed the basis for the creation of the photo-sensitive device and advancements in early photographic and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an free framework used for automated testing of web browsers, enabling testers to mimic user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and browsers, making it a versatile tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of light reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an American inventor who invented the earliest working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work laid the basis for the contemporary photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-powered power plant generates electricity by burning coal to produce steam that rotates turbines connected to generators. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with finding the solar cell and advancing the understanding of semiconductors. His work formed the basis of modern solar energy technology and the creation of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a prestigious research and development organization historically associated with AT&T, known for groundbreaking innovations in telecommunications, computing, and materials research. It has been the origin of many groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a element with the symbol Si and number 14, famous for its essential role in the fabrication of electronics and solar cells. It is a hard, brittle crystalline substance with a blue-grey sheen, predominantly employed as a semiconductor in the tech industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A micro-inverter is a little device installed on each photovoltaic panel to transform direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) locally. This approach improves system performance, allows for better performance oversight, and increases power output in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar panel is a component that transforms sunlight directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect. It is often used in photovoltaic systems to provide a sustainable and renewable energy resource. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a green energy technology that delivers sustainable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon is a fundamental particle that represents a quantum of light plus other electromagnetic radiation, transporting energy and momentum without having rest mass. It has a key role in the relations between matter and electromagnetic fields, facilitating phenomena like reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the mechanism by which specific substances convert sunlight straight into electricity through the production of charge carriers. This effect is the fundamental principle behind solar cell technology, enabling the capturing of solar solar power for energy creation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electrical engineering is a fine slice of chip material, usually silicon, used as the base for manufacturing integrated circuits. It serves as the main platform where integrated circuits are built through methods like doping, etching, and layering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used mainly in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and electronic systems due to its superb semiconductor properties. Its organized, orderly crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of solar power system characterized by their light, flexible design, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a more affordable price. They use thin semiconductor layers just several micrometers in thickness to effectively turn sunlight into electrical energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the constant forces exerted by the mass of building components and permanent equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as users, furnishings, and weather conditions. Both are critical considerations in engineering design to ensure safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits join components in a line, so the identical current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits join components across the same voltage source, permitting several paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's overall resistance, current spread, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrical energy is the velocity at which electrical energy is conveyed by an electrical network, primarily for running devices and appliances. Produced through various sources such as carbon-based fuels, atomic energy, and green energy, and fundamental for today's lifestyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A measure of power is a measure of energy transfer rate in the International System of Units, showing the measure of energy flow or conversion. It is the same as one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electronic voltage difference between two points, which causes the movement of electric current in a circuit. It is measured in volts and indicates the energy per individual charge available to shift electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A voltage is the derived unit of voltage, potential difference, and electromotive force in the International System of Units. It measures the electric energy per unit charge between points in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the movement of electric charge through a conductor, typically measured in A. It is crucial for energizing electronic gadgets and enabling the functioning of electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere is the standard of electrical current in the SI units, symbolized as A. It measures the flow of electrical charge through a wire over a period of time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load is the term for the quantity of electrical power or current demanded by devices and electrical load in a circuit. It determines the configuration and capacity of power systems to maintain reliable and optimized energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A electrical box is an electrical casing used to securely contain wire connections, providing a core for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures structured and secure connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 connector is a standardized photovoltaic connector used to attach solar panels in a safe and trustworthy manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, providing durability and effective electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power offers a easy and uniform method of supplying electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is frequently used for powering and supplying a extensive range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power converter is a device that changes direct current (DC) from supplies like batteries or photovoltaic arrays into AC suitable for domestic gadgets. It permits the operation of standard electrical devices in environments where only DC energy is present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack is a collection of numerous individual batteries designed to store and supply electrical energy for various devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Sun tracking devices automatically adjust the angle of solar modules to monitor the sun’s path throughout the day, maximizing power intake. This technology boosts the effectiveness of solar power gathering by maintaining ideal panel positioning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a approach used to optimize the power output of photovoltaic systems by regularly modifying the performance point to align with the peak power point of the solar cells. This process provides the best performance power harvesting, especially under varying environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer functions as a device used in solar energy systems to boost energy output by individually tailored enhancing the performance of each solar panel. It enhances overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a tool that monitors and evaluates the performance of solar panel systems in live, offering useful data on energy production and system status. It assists maximize solar energy generation by detecting faults ahead of time and securing highest efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are lightweight, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing slim layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a affordable and multi-functional alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in different portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert solar radiation directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a sustainable energy source. They are commonly used in solar panels to generate electricity for homes, appliances, and full solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a material composed of numerous minute silicon crystal structures, typically used in solar modules and microchip production. Its creation involves liquefying and reforming silicon to create a high-purity, polycrystalline structure suitable for electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Single-crystal silicon is a ultra-pure form of silicon with a uniform lattice structure, making it very effective for use in photovoltaic modules and electronics. Its homogeneous formation allows for enhanced electron flow, resulting in higher functionality compared to other silicon types. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics constitute a category of film solar system that offers a economical and effective alternative for extensive solar energy generation. They are recognized for their high absorption efficiency and comparatively low manufacturing costs compared to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic devices are flexible solar cells that employ a layered compound of copper, In, Ga, and Se to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. They are noted for their great absorption effectiveness, bendability, and capability for portable, economical solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous silicon is a non-ordered atomic arrangement, making it more flexible and more straightforward to layer than structured silicon. It is often used in photovoltaic thin films and electronic devices due to its economic advantage and adaptable characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Next-generation photovoltaic cells aim to exceed traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing cutting-edge materials and pioneering techniques such as multi-junction stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on maximizing energy conversion, reducing costs, and broadening applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-layered solar panels are advanced photovoltaic modules that utilize various p-n connections stacked in tandem to capture a wider spectrum of the solar spectrum, significantly increasing their efficiency. These are mostly used in space missions and high-efficiency solar power systems due to their excellent energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar panels serve as crucial elements that transform sunlight into electrical energy to supply onboard equipment. Generally lightweight, robust, and designed to operate efficiently in the harsh environment of space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are compounds composed of multiple elements, typically involving a metal component and a non-metallic component, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer better performance in applications such as lasers, light-emitting diodes, and high-frequency transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound-based semiconductor known for its great electron mobility and performance in high-speed and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics utilize focusing elements or mirrors to focus sunlight onto very efficient multi-layer solar cells, greatly enhancing energy transformation efficiency. This approach is suitable for massive solar power plants in areas with clear sunlight, offering a economical approach for large-scale energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Thin-film silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its slim and bendable form factor. It offers a affordable alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a thin film of CIGS compound as the solar semiconductor, known for excellent energy conversion and adaptability. They offer a easy-to-handle, budget-friendly alternative to standard silicon solar arrays with reliable operation in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film describes a delicate layer of material, often measured in nm or micrometers, used in diverse technological uses. These coatings are essential in electronic systems, light manipulation, and coatings for their special physical and chemical characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Roof-mounted solar PV systems harness the sun's rays to generate electricity directly on structure roofs, providing a renewable and economical energy solution. They help decrease use of fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to green initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A thin film is a layer of compound spanning a few nanometers to several micrometers in dimension, often coated on surfaces for functional applications. These layers are used in diverse fields, including electronics, optics, and medical applications, to change surface traits or engineer certain device functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are units of measurement the same as one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to illustrate extremely small distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are important in fields like nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for measuring structures and particles at the nano level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are precision measuring instruments used to accurately measure tiny gaps or depths, commonly in machining and manufacturing. They feature a scaled screw device that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon slice is a thin, round segment of silicon crystal used as the platform for manufacturing semiconductor devices. It acts as the basic material in the fabrication of ICs and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | CIGS photovoltaic cells are compact photovoltaic devices famous for their excellent performance and adaptability, perfect for diverse applications. They utilize a multilayer layered semiconductor setup that transforms sunlight straight into electricity with remarkable effectiveness in low-light conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon is a form of silicon used in solar panels, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a grainy appearance. It is noted for being economical and having a moderately high efficiency in turning sunlight into energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert sunlight directly into energy using photovoltaic cells, providing a sustainable energy source for residential, industrial, and utility-scale applications. They deliver a clean, sustainable, and affordable way to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-activated solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that turns sunlight into electricity using a light-sensitive dye to capture light and create electron flow. It offers a affordable and versatile alternative to standard silicon-based solar cells, with potential for see-through and thin applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanoscale semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and energy conversion through quantum size effects. This approach offers the potential for lower-cost, adaptable, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are photoelectric devices that utilize carbon-based compounds, to convert sun's energy into electrical power. They are easy to handle, pliable, and offer the potential for more affordable, large-area solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a promising photovoltaic material used in layer solar cells due to its abundant and non-toxic elements. Its excellent photo-electronic properties make it an attractive option for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics integrated solar building solutions seamlessly incorporate photovoltaic technology into the design of building materials, such as rooftops, facades, and glazing. This modern approach enhances energy efficiency while maintaining visual attractiveness and structural performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to pass through a material with little distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency permits light to scatter through, hiding detailed view but still allowing shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves applying a thin film to the interior or exterior of cars or structures windows to reduce glare, heat, and UV radiation. It improves privacy, increases energy efficiency, and adds a modern aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A collection of solar power stations information various large-scale solar energy plants around the globe, showcasing their power and positions. These facilities serve a important role in green energy generation and worldwide efforts to reduce carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic energy plants are massive systems that convert sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. They are essential in renewable energy generation, reducing reliance on coal and oil, and cutting emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Eco concerns encompass a wide range of challenges such as pollution, global warming, and forest loss that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collaborative action to promote eco-friendly methods and protect biodiverse environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are renewably sourced, such as sunlight, wind, and hydroelectric power. It offers a eco-friendly option to non-renewable energy sources, decreasing environmental harm and enhancing long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as coal, crude oil, and fossil gas, are non-replenishable supplies formed over millions of years and are exhausted when used. They are the primary energy sources for electrical energy and vehicle operation but pose environmental and renewability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electrical energy creation involves converting various energy types such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear power, and green energy into electrical energy. This process generally happens in power stations where turbines, alternators, and generators work together to produce power for distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are dense, harmful elements such as Pb, quicksilver, metallic cadmium, and As that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar panel effectiveness indicates how efficiently a photovoltaic device converts sunlight into usable electrical power. Improving this Solar-cell efficiency is essential for increasing renewable energy generation and decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when light shining on a metallic surface ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle-like behavior of light. This phenomenon provided significant indication for the development of quantum theory by showing that photon energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves exposing products to higher-than-normal stresses to rapidly assess their durability and predict their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps find potential failures and improve product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The expansion of solar energy systems has accelerated rapidly over the past ten years, driven by technological advancements and reducing prices. This development is transforming the international energy scene by raising the share of sustainable solar power in electricity generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar refers to large solar power plants designed to generate electricity on a business scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These sites typically cover large areas and utilize photovoltaic panels or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy cost-effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optical element is a clear device that refracts light to bring together or separate rays, creating images. It is frequently used in instruments like photographic devices, glasses, and microscopes to adjust light for enhanced vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the angle between an incoming light ray and the normal line perpendicular to the surface at the contact point. It controls how light behaves with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a delicate film applied to optical surfaces to minimize reflections and enhance light passage. It improves the sharpness and brightness of screens by reducing undesirable reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in a manner that that their amplitudes cancel each other out, causing a reduction or complete elimination of the resultant wave. This phenomenon generally happens when these waves are not in phase by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC is a type of electrical flow that alternates direction, typically used in power supply systems. Its voltage varies following a sine wave throughout its cycle, enabling efficient transmission across extensive ranges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A microinverter is a miniature entity used to transform direct current (DC) from a individual solar module into AC suitable for home applications. It boosts system efficiency by maximizing energy production at the module level and simplifies installation and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | Alternating current power, or AC power, is electricity delivered through a network where the potential difference and current periodically reverse direction, enabling cost-effective transmission over vast spans. It is commonly used in households and industries to operate various appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC plug is a category of electrical connector used to supply DC power from a power source to an electronic equipment. It typically consists of a cylindrical plug and receptacle that guarantee a reliable and consistent attachment for different electronic purposes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a international safety approval organization that evaluates and certifies products to guarantee they meet specific protection requirements. It supports consumers and firms find dependable and protected products through rigorous assessment and examination methods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Serial circuits are electrical circuits in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current. In this configuration, the identical electric current passes through all parts, and the sum voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electrical circuits where parts are connected between the same voltage source, offering multiple channels for current flow. This arrangement allows units to operate autonomously, with the total current distributed among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode serves as a solid-state device that permits current to flow in a single sense only, functioning as a unidirectional valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electrical networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An car auxiliary power outlet is a socket, typically 12 volt, designed to provide electrical power for multiple devices and add-ons inside a car. It enables users to recharge electronic gadgets or operate small electronics while on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a technology for linking hardware to computers, facilitating data transfer and power supply. It backs a variety of peripherals such as input devices, mouses, external drives, and smartphones, with various generations providing faster speeds and upgraded functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency relates to the portion of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into generated energy. Enhancing this efficiency plays a key role in increasing energy output and making solar power affordable and eco-friendly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy federal research facility dedicated to research and development in renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. It is committed to advancing innovations in solar power, wind, bioenergy, and other sustainable energy sources to promote a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all types of EM radiation, spanning from wireless signals to gamma radiation, all possessing diverse wavelengths and energies. This band is crucial to a wide array of devices and the natural world, allowing data exchange, medical imaging, and insight into the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a type of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X ray radiation, primarily emitted by the sun. It serves a important role in including vitamin D production but can also result in skin harm and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a category of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color scheme based on shades of a single hue, using diverse shades, tints, and tones to create balance and connexion. This layout approach emphasizes minimalism and sophistication by maintaining steady color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, typically measured in watts/m². It is a key parameter in areas like solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the strength of sunlight reaching a given area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a standard unit used to measure the intensity of radiation or energy flow received or emitted over a particular surface, often in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It aids in understanding the spread and transfer of energy across areas, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the range of diverse colors or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, visible or otherwise. It is commonly used to describe the distribution of light or signal bandwidths in different scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An air mass is a large body of air's with relatively uniform temperature and dampness characteristics, coming from from particular origin regions. These air masses influence weather systems and atmospheric conditions as they pass through diverse areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar irradiance is the measure of the energy per square meter received from the Sun in the type of electromagnetic radiation. It varies with solar phenomena and Earth's weather systems, affecting climate and weather patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Dirt buildup in solar energy refers to the buildup of dirt, and impurities on the panels of solar panels, which decreases their efficiency. Regular cleaning and care are essential to reduce energy waste and maintain maximum operation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage available from a power source when current flow is absent, spanning its terminals. It shows the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current refers to the highest electrical current that flows through a circuit when a short connection, or short circuit, takes place, going around the normal load. It poses a significant safety hazard and can result in damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a assessment of the peak power output of a solar array under optimal sunlight conditions. It reflects the array's peak capacity to create electricity in conventional testing conditions . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A voltmeter is an measuring tool used to determine the potential difference between two locations in a electrical system. It is commonly used in numerous electrical and electronic setups to maintain proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a issue in solar modules where increased voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in energy production and efficiency. It occurs due to leakage current and ion movement within the solar cell materials, leading to degradation over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is considered a semi metallic element necessary for plant development and employed in multiple industrial applications, like glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It exhibits special chemical properties that render it useful in manufacturing durable, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring perfect tilt and orientation for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a robust and resilient foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A sun-powered power plant captures sunlight using vast collections of photovoltaic solar panels to generate renewable electricity. It offers an green energy source, diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the consolidated approach of employing land for both solar energy output and agriculture, making the most of space and resources. This method improves crop production while simultaneously generating renewable energy, fostering sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar cells are photovoltaic devices able to absorb sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, boosting overall energy production. They are typically mounted in a way that improves effectiveness by leveraging albedo mirroring and reflected rays from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a framework that provides cover while creating electricity through embedded solar panels. It is commonly installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with functional design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel system is a group of several solar panels configured to generate electricity from sunlight. It is often used in sustainable power systems to produce renewable, sustainable power for multiple applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio shield is a structure that delivers shade and shelter from the conditions for al fresco areas. It improves the functionality and aesthetic appeal of a patio, making it a comfortable zone for rest and entertainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the measurement between the perpendicular line directly overhead and the line of sight to a heavenly body. It is applied in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of celestial entities in the sky relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise a reference heading, usually true north, to the line connecting an viewer to a target object. It is commonly used in navigation, mapping, and celestial observation to specify the direction of an target relative to the observer's position. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as fall hazards and electric shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to harsh weather conditions and potential muscle strains pose significant Occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a semiconductor substance widely used in thin-film solar panels due to its high efficiency and affordability. It demonstrates outstanding optical characteristics, making it a preferred choice for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A directory of photovoltaics companies features the leading manufacturers and suppliers focused on solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions across the globe. These companies are essential in advancing solar energy implementation and innovation across various markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a quantity of power equal to a billion W, used to quantify big energy production and usage. It is generally associated with electricity stations, national grids, and major energy projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar is a international leader in solar PV power solutions, specializing in producing thin-film solar panels that provide high-performance and low-cost energy production. The firm is committed to eco-friendly energy development and reducing the world's reliance on fossil fuels through advanced solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology focuses in effortlessly integrating various components of manufacturing and automated systems to enhance performance and dependability. It aims on creating cutting-edge solutions that facilitate smooth communication and compatibility among diverse technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic stands as a top Chinese company expert in manufacturing and innovating solar photovoltaic products and solutions. Famous for cutting-edge technology and eco-friendly energy programs within renewables industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of energy equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, often used to indicate the ability of massive power production or consumption. It underscores the vast energy extent involved in contemporary power framework and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Knowledge curve effects refer to the concept where the production cost decreases as overall production increases, due to learning and improvements achieved over time. This effect highlights the importance of stored knowledge in cutting expenses and improving productivity in manufacturing and other processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics transform sunlight straight into electricity using semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This method is a environmentally friendly, renewable energy source that helps lessen reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the price of creating solar or wind energy becomes the same as or less than the expense of purchasing power from the power grid. Achieving Grid parity signifies that green energy technologies are financially comparable with conventional coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity acts as the main electrical power supplied to homes and companies through a grid of power lines, providing a consistent source of energy for numerous appliances. It usually operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, depending on the country, and is supplied through alternating current (AC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all elements of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, including inverters, racking, wiring, and supplementary electrical hardware. It is essential for guaranteeing the effective and dependable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | The sun's power is absorbed from the sun's rays using photovoltaic panels to convert electricity or through thermal solar systems to generate heat. It represents a sustainable, renewable, and environmentally friendly energy source that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are in domestic, business, and manufacturing settings to generate clean, eco-friendly electricity from sunlight. They also supply remote and off-grid locations, providing sustainable energy solutions where conventional power grids are unavailable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A catalog of solar energy goods features a selection of tools that utilize sunlight to produce energy, encouraging environmentally friendly and renewable living. These products include everything from solar chargers and lights to home equipment and outdoor tools, providing multi-purpose solutions for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar power plant is a facility that converts sunlight immediately into electricity using solar modules. It is a renewable energy source that supports lowering reliance on non-renewable energy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems merge solar panels with alternative energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to deliver a reliable and efficient power supply. They maximize energy use by balancing renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics utilize optical lenses or mirrors focusing sunlight onto high-performance solar cells, considerably boosting energy capture from less space. This technology is particularly effective where direct, strong sunlight plus, it offers a promising approach to lowering expenses related to solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
